Cardiovascular disease Flashcards
Cardiovascular disease
Conditions affecting the heart/vessels
Associated with fatty acid deposit build up in arteries (atherosclerosis), increased risk of blood clots in brain, heart, kidney, eyes
Main cause of death, disability, prevented by healthy lifestyle
Coronary heart disease
Affects coronary arteries, supply cardiac muscle with glucose, oxygen for resp
Cholestrol
Synthesised in liver from diet
Carried in lipoproteins
HDL remove cholesterol from tissues, transport to liver for excretion, decrease atheromas
Dietary and organ meats contain cholesterol
After meals, absorbed into circulation via lacteals and lymph, packgaed into chylomicrons
Atheromas
Build up of LDL in endothelium of artery
Damaged endothelial cell has increased permeability to LDL
Inflammation leads to entry of macrophages
Macrophages + LDL = foam cell, lipid core of atheroma/ plaque
Macrophage presence encourages smooth muscle to be more fibrous
Plaques bulge into artery lumen, restrict blood flow = CVD CHD
Lead to thrombosis/ aneurysm
Thrombosis
Restricted blood flow, BP increases
Endothelium damage
Platelets aggregate, lay down blood clot, form thrombus
Can break, travel to other body parts
Aneurysm
Atheromas that lead to thrombus can weaken artery walls
Weak spots lead to aneurysms, burst, cause haemorrhage
Myocardial infarction
Symptom of CHD Results from coronary artery blockage Partial blockage = angina Caused by reduced blood supply No O2, no aerobic resp, anerobic resp, lactic acid, less ATP produced, pH falls, cardiac muscle dies (cannot contract, enzymes denature)
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Smoking High blood pressure Blood cholesterol Diet Age Gender
Smoking on cardiovascular disease
Increase blood cholesterol concentration
Increase risk of heart disease/ stroke
Nicotine on cardiovascular disease
Increase adrenaline, increase HR, BP
Increased risk of CHD, CVA
Sticky RBC, increase T
Carbon monoxide on cardiovascular disease
Combines irreversibly with Hb of RBC
Reduced oxygen capacity
Insufficient oxygen to heart
Age on cardiovascular disease
Increases with age
Gender on cardiovascular disease
Increases risk in men than women
Diet and weight on cardiovascular disease
Overweight
Diet high in sat fat and salt
Diets with more antioxidants and soluble fibre, decreased risk
Lifestyle on cardiovascular disease
Decreased risk, regular exercise
Increased risk, increased alcohol intake
Increased risk, diabetes
High blood pressure on cardiovascular disease
High arterial pressure, heart must work harder to pump blood into them, prone to failure
HBP, more likely to develop aneurysm, burst
To resist HBP, harden arterial walls, restrict flow
Artificial hearts
Portable power supply needed
Artificial ventricle, tubes out body
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts
No rejection
Keeps patient alive as they wait for transplant
Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection
Parts wear out and stop working
Blood does not move as smoothly, take warfarin
Artificial valves
Relieves symptoms, tired (lack of aerobic resp), listlessness (lack of oxygenated blood at tissues)
Blood mixes
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial valves
Prolong life
Warfarin
High risk surgery
Stents
Widen weakened, blocked, narrowed arteries to increase blood flow
Small mesh tube inserted with ballow inside and inflated
Advantages and disadvantages of stents
Lower myocardial infarction risk
Bleeding Irregular heartbeat Infection Warfarin Closing of arteries
Artificial blood products
Blood donations not always available
No blood safety problems
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial blood products
Increased shelf life
More efficient at carrying oxygen
No need to match blood group
No refrigeration
Short lasting
Expensive
Health and safety testing is problematic
