Cell Pathology And Terms Flashcards by Gracie Costello

The pattern of the body’s response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions

Disease

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Measurable or objective manifestations

Signs

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Feelings that the patient describes - subjective manifestations

Symptoms

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Disease caused by physician or treatment

Iatrogenic

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Contracted from the acute care facility

Nosocomial infections

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Contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility

Community acquired infection

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Underlying cause is unknown

Idiopathic

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Cell death

Necrosis and apoptosis

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Atrophy, hypertrophy, metaplasia, intercellular accumulations and aging
What are these examples of?

Alterations of cell growth

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What is an example of reversible cell injury?

Cellular swelling

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What is an example of irreversible cell injury?

Cell death/necrosis

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What are some causes of cell injury?

-hypoxia/anoxia (deprivation of oxygen)
-toxins
-microbes
-inflammation and immune reactions
-genetic/metabolic disorders

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The initial response of the body tissue to local injury

Inflammation

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What are the 5 clinical signs of inflammation?

-rubor
-calor
-tumor
-dolor
-loss of function

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Rubor

Redness

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Calor

Heat

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Tumor

Swelling

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Dolor

Pain

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The destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes

Autolysis

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What two forms can cell death occur in?

Necrosis
Apoptosis

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Localized death of cells or tissues in a living organism

Necrosis

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Programmed death of single cells within a living organism

Apoptosis

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Allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location

Permeable membrane

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Fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue

Granulation tissue

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Thick, yellow fluid called pus ( dead white cells)

Pyogenic bacteria

Localized, usually encapsulated collection of fluid

Abscess

Potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels

Bacteremia

An interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ - it deprives cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients

Ischemia

A localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage

Infarction

Implies rupture of a blood vessel -usually caused by injury, trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammatory or neoplastic erosion

Hemorrhage

Accumulation of blood trapped within body tissue -can result from an injury to any type of blood vessel

Hematoma

Reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function

Atrophy

Increase in size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function - enlarged cells

Hypertrophy

Increased number of cells in a tissue or organ

Hyperplasia

Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation - associated with prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation

Dysplasia

“New growth”, commonly referred to as tumours An abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern growth of normal cells Act as parasites, competing with normal cells and tissues for their metabolic needs

Neoplasia

Study of neoplasms

Oncology

-Cells that resemble their cells of origin in structure and function -are localized and don’t usually spread

Benign

-cells that invade and destroy adjacent structures and can spread to distant sites(metastasize) causing death -referred to as cancers -require less oxygen to survive and are more adaptive in unfavorable conditions

Malignant

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin

Carcinoma

Undifferentiated cell growth - without form

Anaplastic

Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue

Sarcoma

Conditions that are severe and sudden in onset

Acute

Conditions that increase the tissue mass or density and the result will be greater attenuation

Additive/sclerotic

Body’s counter action to control antigens

Antibodies

Lack of normal development resulting in a small size or developmental failure resulting in the absence of an organ or tissue

Aplasia

Conditions that persist for a long time or constantly recur

Chronic

The precise disease process affecting the patient

Diagnosis

Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

Edema

Accumulation of fluid

Effusion

Any foreign matter such as blood clot or air bubble carried in the bloodstream

Embolus

A study of determinants that is complied for a specific disease in a given population upon determining the type of neoplastic involvement

Epidemiology

Material that has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces

Exudate

Tumor like mass of tissue caused by a chronic inflammatory process

Granuloma

Diseases pass form one generation to the next through the genetic info contained in the nucleus of each cell (dna)

Hereditary process

Alteration in the dna structures that may become permanent hereditary changes

Mutation

Describes the origin and development of a disease

Pathogenesis

The expected patient outcome

Prognosis

Conditions that reduce the tissue mass or density and the result will be less attenuation

Subtractive/ destructive

Indicates the presence of a combination of symptom bls that commonly occur together and are related to a single cause

Syndrome

Blood clot in the vascular system

Thrombus

Small molecules, peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues

Toxins

A filtrate of blood due to increased pressure in the veins and capillaries that focuses fluid through the vessel walls or to a low level of protein in blood serum. It accumulates in tissues outside the blood vessels and causes edema

Transudate

Build up of plaque on arterial walls

Atherosclerosis *ischemia

Thrombus = blood clot

Thrombotic occlusion *ischemia

Embolism = blockage that is moving throughout blood stream

Embolic occlusion *ischemia

What does a pulmonary embolism result in?

Resulting in blockage causing ischemia and potential infarction or death

What is an example of hyperplasia? (Increase in number of cells or organ)

Endometriosis

What is the pathology where a child is born with extra digits?

Polydactyly

Increase in circulating white blood cells

Leukocytosis

What factors are taken into consideration for tumor staging?

-tumor size (T) -lymph node (N) -mets (M)

Hemophilia is an example of what type of disease?

Hereditary