Cell Pathology And Terms Flashcards
The pattern of the body’s response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions
Disease
Measurable or objective manifestations
Signs
Feelings that the patient describes - subjective manifestations
Symptoms
Disease caused by physician or treatment
Iatrogenic
Contracted from the acute care facility
Nosocomial infections
Contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility
Community acquired infection
Underlying cause is unknown
Idiopathic
Cell death
Necrosis and apoptosis
Atrophy, hypertrophy, metaplasia, intercellular accumulations and aging
What are these examples of?
Alterations of cell growth
What is an example of reversible cell injury?
Cellular swelling
What is an example of irreversible cell injury?
Cell death/necrosis
What are some causes of cell injury?
-hypoxia/anoxia (deprivation of oxygen)
-toxins
-microbes
-inflammation and immune reactions
-genetic/metabolic disorders
The initial response of the body tissue to local injury
Inflammation
What are the 5 clinical signs of inflammation?
-rubor
-calor
-tumor
-dolor
-loss of function
Rubor
Redness
Calor
Heat
Tumor
Swelling
Dolor
Pain
The destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes
Autolysis
What two forms can cell death occur in?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Localized death of cells or tissues in a living organism
Necrosis
Programmed death of single cells within a living organism
Apoptosis
Allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location
Permeable membrane
Fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue
Granulation tissue
Thick, yellow fluid called pus ( dead white cells)
Pyogenic bacteria
Localized, usually encapsulated collection of fluid
Abscess
Potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels
Bacteremia
An interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ
- it deprives cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients
Ischemia
A localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage
Infarction
Implies rupture of a blood vessel
-usually caused by injury, trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammatory or neoplastic erosion
Hemorrhage
Accumulation of blood trapped within body tissue
-can result from an injury to any type of blood vessel
Hematoma
Reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function
Atrophy
Increase in size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function - enlarged cells
Hypertrophy
Increased number of cells in a tissue or organ
Hyperplasia
Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation
- associated with prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation
Dysplasia
“New growth”, commonly referred to as tumours
An abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern growth of normal cells
Act as parasites, competing with normal cells and tissues for their metabolic needs
Neoplasia
Study of neoplasms
Oncology
-Cells that resemble their cells of origin in structure and function
-are localized and don’t usually spread
Benign
-cells that invade and destroy adjacent structures and can spread to distant sites(metastasize) causing death
-referred to as cancers
-require less oxygen to survive and are more adaptive in unfavorable conditions
Malignant
Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin
Carcinoma
Undifferentiated cell growth - without form
Anaplastic
Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue
Sarcoma
Conditions that are severe and sudden in onset
Acute
Conditions that increase the tissue mass or density and the result will be greater attenuation
Additive/sclerotic
Body’s counter action to control antigens
Antibodies
Lack of normal development resulting in a small size or developmental failure resulting in the absence of an organ or tissue
Aplasia
Conditions that persist for a long time or constantly recur
Chronic
The precise disease process affecting the patient
Diagnosis
Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities
Edema
Accumulation of fluid
Effusion
Any foreign matter such as blood clot or air bubble carried in the bloodstream
Embolus
A study of determinants that is complied for a specific disease in a given population upon determining the type of neoplastic involvement
Epidemiology
Material that has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces
Exudate
Tumor like mass of tissue caused by a chronic inflammatory process
Granuloma
Diseases pass form one generation to the next through the genetic info contained in the nucleus of each cell (dna)
Hereditary process
Alteration in the dna structures that may become permanent hereditary changes
Mutation
Describes the origin and development of a disease
Pathogenesis
The expected patient outcome
Prognosis
Conditions that reduce the tissue mass or density and the result will be less attenuation
Subtractive/ destructive
Indicates the presence of a combination of symptom bls that commonly occur together and are related to a single cause
Syndrome
Blood clot in the vascular system
Thrombus
Small molecules, peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues
Toxins
A filtrate of blood due to increased pressure in the veins and capillaries that focuses fluid through the vessel walls or to a low level of protein in blood serum. It accumulates in tissues outside the blood vessels and causes edema
Transudate
Build up of plaque on arterial walls
Atherosclerosis
*ischemia
Thrombus = blood clot
Thrombotic occlusion
*ischemia
Embolism = blockage that is moving throughout blood stream
Embolic occlusion
*ischemia
What does a pulmonary embolism result in?
Resulting in blockage causing ischemia and potential infarction or death
What is an example of hyperplasia?
(Increase in number of cells or organ)
Endometriosis
What is the pathology where a child is born with extra digits?
Polydactyly
Increase in circulating white blood cells
Leukocytosis
What factors are taken into consideration for tumor staging?
-tumor size (T)
-lymph node (N)
-mets (M)
Hemophilia is an example of what type of disease?
Hereditary
