Cell Differentiation + Apoptosis Flashcards

1
Q

process by which a cell assumes specialized structure and functions

A

differentiation

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2
Q

blank organisms do not undergo differentiation

A

single cell

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3
Q

these demonstrate the greatest number of examples of differentiation

A

embryos

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4
Q

cell differentiation also occurs in the adult which is called blank

A

maturation

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5
Q

example of maturation is an osteoblast turning into a blank

A

osteocyte

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6
Q

undifferentiated cells are aka blank or blank

A

stem cells, blast

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7
Q

four days old embryo that is a ball of cells

A

morula

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8
Q

a morula is not yet blank

A

differentiated

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9
Q

early embryo is a three layer blank

A

germ disk

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10
Q

destruction and death of a cell caused by genetic programming

A

apoptosis

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11
Q

apoptosis is a blank process conducted by the cell that requires blank

A

active, energy

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12
Q

does apoptosis injure surrounding cells?

A

no

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13
Q

cell death due to external circumstances and can damage surrounding cells

A

necrosis

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14
Q

necrosis does not use its own blank

A

energy

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15
Q

apoptosis occurs during this time

A

entire lifespan

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16
Q

example of apoptosis in human

A

webbing that goes away between fingers and toes

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17
Q

rudimentary tail of the embryo is an extension of blank

A

vertebral column

18
Q

surplus of unneeded reserve blast cells undergo blank

A

apoptosis

19
Q

thymus makes the most blank in the body

A

lymphocytes

20
Q

callus of skin is the blank layer

A

cornified

21
Q

healthy hair is due to secretions of blank

A

sebaceous gland

22
Q

all cells have a set of enzymes called blank which are normally present in an inactive form

A

caspases

23
Q

caspases initiate blank when activated

A

apoptosis

24
Q

caspases are an example of amplification of action because one caspase being activated triggers blank

A

a cascade of other caspases

25
Q

apoptosed cells are removed by blank

A

phagocytosis

26
Q

blood cells are derived in the blank

A

bone marrow

27
Q

stem cell of blood cells

A

hemopoietic stem cell

28
Q

two stages in development of RBC after hemopoietic stage

A

BFU-E, CFU-E (Burst/colony forming unit - erythroid)

29
Q

hemopoietic stem cell is recognized by a cell surface marker called

A

cd34

30
Q

level of erythrocytic differentiation which is the youngest precursor ofRBC that can be seen by microscopy

A

pronormoblast

31
Q

any nucleated cell that is identifiable by routine staining that is recognized as a precursor of the RBC

A

normoblast

32
Q

young large round cell with a large round nucleus.

A

pronormoblast

33
Q

pronormoblast nucleus has a very delicate blank pattern and stains lightly

A

chromatin

34
Q

common organelle that resists staining

A

golgi

35
Q

hemoglobin is basophilic or acidophilic

A

acidophilic

36
Q

RBC where traces of RNA can be seen

A

polychromatic erythrocytes (immature RBC)

37
Q

polychromatic erythrocytes are only released into circulation during blank

A

blood loss

38
Q

RBC usually live for blank days

A

100

39
Q

we replace blank percent of RBCs per day

A

1%

40
Q

first test tube baby

A

joy

41
Q

rbc stages

A

pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast, polychromatic normoblast, orthochromatic normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte