Carnivore Head Anatomy

Question 1

What types of bones is the skull made of?

Answer 1

Flat bones

Question 2

What is the skull comprised of?

Answer 2

Skull, mandible, hyoid apparatus, middle ear ossicles, external cartilages

Question 3

Which bones hold the majority of the teeth?

Answer 3

Incisive, maxilla

Question 4

What part of the mandible changes depending on a species’ diet?

Answer 4

Coronoid process

Question 5

Which part of the mandible interacts with the top part of the skull?

Answer 5

Condylar process

Question 6

Which part of the mandible is not present in herbivores?

Answer 6

Angular process

Question 7

In what type of animals does the symphysis remain cartilaginous?

Answer 7

Carnivores

Question 8

Name the three types of dog skull and give an example of each.

Answer 8

Dolichocephalic (Greyhound), Mesaticephalic (Labrador), Brachycephalic (Pug or bulldog)

Question 9

What is characteristic about the feline skull?

Answer 9

It has a shorter maxillary region

Question 10

What does TMJ stand for?

Answer 10

Temporomandibular joint

Question 11

What interaction creates the TMJ?

Answer 11

Mandibular fossa and the retroarticular process

Question 12

Does the TMJ exist in carnivores?

Answer 12

Yes, but poorly developed

Question 13

How is the TMJ imaged?

Answer 13

Can use CT scan or MRI, radiographs less useful

Question 14

What five components make up the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 14

Stylohyoid, epihyoid, ceratohyoid, basihyoid, thyrohyoid

Mnemonic: Some Elephants Came By Train

Question 15

Which component of the hyoid apparatus is not paired?

Answer 15

Basihyoid

Question 16

Name the boundaries of the mouth.

Answer 16

Lips, cheeks, commissure, buccal cavity (Between cheeks and teeth), vestibule (Between lips and teeth)

Question 17

What is unique about the mouth of ruminants?

Answer 17

Have a nasolabial plate

Question 18

What is unique about carnivore/small ruminant noses?

Answer 18

Upper lip can have median groove

Question 19

How are the superficial muscles of the face innervated?

Answer 19

Facial nerve (VII)

Question 20

How are the deep tissues of the face innervated?

Answer 20

Infraorbital nerve (V)

Question 21

Which four muscles operate the closing of the mouth?

Answer 21

Temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus medialis, pterygoideus lateralis

Question 22

Which muscle opens the mouth?

Answer 22

Digastricus

Question 23

What does the infraorbital nerve provide feeling for?

Answer 23

Nose, eyes

Question 24

How does the external jugular vein branch into the face?

Answer 24

Maxillary vein to maxilla, linguofacial vein directly off of jugular, facial vein farther down into the mandibular

Question 25

What are the two components of the pharynx?

Answer 25

The oropharynx and the laryngopharynx (Along with nasopharynx)

Question 26

What three components make up the hard palate?

Answer 26

Palatine bone, maxilla, and incisive bone

Question 27

What is the incisive papilla?

Answer 27

A projection of the hard palate between and caudal to the incisors which includes sensory ducts that pick up pheromones

Question 28

Name the three types of papilla that can be found on the tongue.

Answer 28

Filiform/coniform (Soft, protective), conical (Cat), fungiform/foliate/vallate (Taste)

Question 29

Where does the root of the tongue anchor?

Answer 29

To the basihyoid bone

Question 30

In what two ways is the tongue attached to the mouth?

Answer 30

Palatoglossal folds on either side of the tongue, and a frenulum

Question 31

What is found underneath the tongue that are important for salivation?

Answer 31

Sublingual caruncles

Question 32

Between the hyoglossus and the styloglossus, which muscle pulls the tongue back and which pulls the tongue back and up?

Answer 32

Hyoglossus pulls tongue back, styloglossus pulls tongue back and up

Question 33

How is the rostral 2/3 of the tongue innervated for taste and sensation?

Answer 33

Taste: Chorda tympani from facial nerve
Sensation: Lingual branch of mandibular nerve

Question 34

How is the root of the tongue innervated for taste and sensation?

Answer 34

Glossopharyngeal and vegus nerves for both

Question 35

How is motion innervated in the tongue?

Answer 35

Hypoglossal nerve

Question 36

What blood supply runs to the tongue?

Answer 36

Lingual artery, sublingual veins drain through lingual veins

Question 37

How is the soft palate attached to the head?

Answer 37

Palatoglossal arches, palatopharyngeal arches

Question 38

How are tonsils different between horses and carnivores/ruminants?

Answer 38

Diffuse in horses, compact masses in carnivores/ruminants

Question 39

What is the role of amylase and where is it found?

Answer 39

Carbohydrate digestion in the saliva

Question 40

Name four major salivary glands.

Answer 40

Parotid, sublingual, mandibular, zygomatic (Buccal in herbivores)

Question 41

Name a defining characteristic of the parotid salivary gland.

Answer 41

Triangular shaped

Question 42

What is distinctive about the mandibular salivary gland?

Answer 42

It is ovoid in shape and is surrounded by a fibrous capsule

Question 43

What is unique about the sublingual salivary gland?

Answer 43

Can be compact and monostomatic or diffuse and polystomatic

Question 44

Where does the zygomatic salivary gland open into the mouth?

Answer 44

The last maxillary cheek tooth

Question 45

Does saliva production increase or decrease in response to sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 45

Decrease