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Anatomy and Physiology > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is characteristic of anemia?

A

Decreased RBC, HCT/PCV, and/or Hb

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2
Q

Is anemia a final diagnosis?

A

No, must find underlying cause

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3
Q

What are the clinical features of acute anemia?

A

Pallor, tachycardia, muscle weakness, subnormal temperature, coma, death

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4
Q

What are the clinical features of chronic anemia?

A

Fatigue, lethargy, exercise intolerance, tachycardia, fainting, pallor, cardiac murmur

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5
Q

How is anemia caused?

A

Either a decrease in erythrocytes entering blood (Decreased production, etc.) or increase in erythrocytes exiting blood

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6
Q

How long does it take for RBCs to be produced?

A

3-5 days

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7
Q

Where in the body is there a problem if the anemia is non-regenerative?

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Which two classifications of anemia are regenerative?

A

Hemolytic (Intra- or extravascular), hemorrhagic (Internal or external)

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9
Q

What classifications determine whether anemia is regenerative?

A

Increased presence of reticulocytes (Not in horses), macrocytic, hypochromic (Decreased Hb), increased anisocytosis and polychromasia (Blue/gray color of immature RBCs), sometimes basophilic stippling in cattle

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10
Q

What are some causes of hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Acute: Blood loss from accidents/surgery, coagulopathies (Anti-clotting agents)

Chronic: Bleeding from ulcers, neoplasms, parasites

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11
Q

What will hemorrhagic anemia look like under a microscope?

A

Normal in first few days, after that: polychromasia, anisocytosis, H-J bodies (Nuclear remnants in cell), thrombocytosis (Increased platelet count), neutrophilia, maybe low plasma proteins (Which would cause spiculation) or hypoproteinemia, macrocytic hypochromic

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12
Q

What factors contribute to the degree of regeneration in a hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Severity of blood loss and location of blood loss (If internal, iron is readily available)

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13
Q

What are two important features of hemolytic anemia?

A

Reduced RBC survival time and iron from destroyed erythrocytes is retained within the body

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14
Q

What are the two forms of hemolytic anemia?

A

Intravascular lysis (In blood vessels) and extravascular lysis (Most likely phagocytosis in the spleen)

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15
Q

How can we tell if a patient has hemoglobinuria?

A

After centrifugation, the result is still red throughout

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16
Q

What are the inherited and acquired causes of hemolytic anemia?

A

Inherited: Phosphofructokinase deficiency in Springer Spaniels, pyruvate kinase deficiency in Basenjis, RARE.

Acquired: Infectious agents (Mycoplasma for extracellular hemolysis, Babesiosis for intracellular hemolysis), oxidative compounds, fragmentation, immune-mediated (Transfusion reactions, hemolytic reactions in newborns)

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17
Q

How do oxidative agents affect RBCs?

A

Reduce glutathione levels so heme iron is oxidized to become methemoglobin, forms Heinz Bodies (Precipitated Hb), RBCs are destroyed by either intra- or extravascular lysis

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18
Q

How do Heinz Bodies appear under the microscope?

A

As blanched areas of an RBC, or stain blue with methylene blue

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19
Q

Name some sources that would cause toxic/oxidative hemolytic anemia.

A

Copper poisoning, Paracetamol, onions, zinc, brassicas (In ruminants), red maple, snake venom

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20
Q

How does fragmentation hemolytic anemia occur?

A

Excessive trauma of RBCs, causing schistocytes (RBC fragments) and acanthocytes (Abnormally shaped RBCs), could be due to small vessels (microangiopathic) or large vessels

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21
Q

How can immune-mediated hemolytic anemia occur?

A

Transfusion reactions, neonatal isoerythrolysis, body producing antibodies against self antigens

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22
Q

What is isoerythrolysis?

A

When a mother has been sensitized to a particular blood type and her fetus has the blood group the mother is sensitive to, causing the maternal RBCs to destroy the fetal RBCs

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23
Q

What can be done with a newborn foal with isoerythrolysis?

A

Test mare colostrum for antibodies, if present, test foal blood type. If matching, put foal with different mare

24
Q

What is the main cause of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in adults and dogs?

A

Idiopathic

25
Q

What are some causes of secondary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in adults?

A

Drugs, toxins, infectious agents, neoplasia, vaccines?

26
Q

What are the mechanisms of canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

Agglutins (Cause RBCs to group together), lysins (Cause RBCs to lyse), incomplete (Compliment cascade which may cause RBCs to be phagocytosed instead of completely destroyed), can be warm or cold reacting

27
Q

What happens in warm antibody immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

Incomplete IgG coats RBCs, completely or partially phagocytosed in spleen (Can cause splenomegaly) with some spherocyte formation, may partially activate complement cascade (Or if activates it strongly enough, will cause more acute/severe hemolysis)

28
Q

Which immunoglobulin, IgM or IgG, creates a bigger agglutination of RBCs in cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

IgM

29
Q

What is Rouleaux?

A

When RBCs stack like coins on a slide, common in cats with inflammation

30
Q

How would you use a slide agglutination test to determine whether or not agglutination was occurring?

A

Put a drop of saline on a slide and then a drop of blood, if cells disperse into individual cells = Rouleaux, if cells stay clumped together = autoagglutination

31
Q

Explain how a Direct Coombs Test works.

A

A blood sample is washed to separate RBCs from plasma, then incubated with antihuman globulin (Coombs Reagent). If agglutination occurs, there are antibodies on the surface of the RBC and the test is positive (Indicates presence of IMHA)

32
Q

Name some possible causes of iron deficiency anemia.

A

Decreased iron intake (Large breed puppies, suckling piglets), blood loss (GI ulceration/neoplasia, inflammatory GI disease, parasites, clotting disorders)

33
Q

Is anemia of inflammation regenerative or non-regenerative?

A

Non-regenerative

34
Q

What ion is deficient in anemia of inflammation?

A

Iron

35
Q

What is anemia of inflammation secondary to?

A

Inflammatory infection

36
Q

How is anemia caused by renal disease?

A

Erythropoietin is not produced causing bone marrow to halt RBC production, and uremic toxins are no longer able to be excreted from the body which may cause damage to RBCs or bone marrow

37
Q

What is characteristic of primary hypoplastic/aplastic anemias?

A

Reduced cellularity of bone marrow, if it affects more than one cell line it is termed aplastic anemia, if it only affects the red cell line it is termed pure red cell aplasia

38
Q

What are some possible causes of pure red cell aplasia?

A

Immune-mediated, infection, vaccine-related, EPO replacement therapy, pre-leukemic conditions

39
Q

What are some possible causes of classic aplastic anemia?

A

Idiopathic, drugs/chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, all can result in pancytopenia

40
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

Reduction or absence of few or all cell lineages, normally starting with cells that have a shorter lifespan

41
Q

What is the main characteristic of polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

A

Abnormal increase in red cell mass (HCT, Hb, PCV, RBC count)

42
Q

What are the two different types of polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

A

Absolute or relative

43
Q

What are the two possible causes for relative polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

A

Constant RBC count but decreased blood plasma volume (Due to dehydration) or splenic contraction in excitable animals

44
Q

What are the common characteristics of primary absolute polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

A

Also known as polycythemia vera, marrow is making RBCs uncontrollably but not due to EPO, rare in animals, called chronic myeloproliferative disorder

45
Q

What are the two forms of secondary absolute polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

A

Appropriate (Stimulated EPO production by low concentration of CO2) and inappropriate (Increased EPO production without the presence of an decreased CO2 level)

46
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Decreased oxygen in the blood

47
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

High volume of blood in tissues

48
Q

What classification of polycythemia would be occurring with tacky mucus membranes, sunken eyes, and increased skin tenting?

A

Relative polycythemia (Due to dehydration)

49
Q

What classification of polycythemia would be occurring with hyperviscosity of blood (Causing neurological problems), weakness, and cyanosis/hyperemia?

A

Absolute

50
Q

What aspect of pathology do hematology, cytology, and biochemistry fall under?

A

Clinical pathology, study of fluids, tissues, blood

51
Q

What type of pathologist examines biopsies and performs necropsies/post-mortems?

A

Anatomical pathologist

52
Q

What is aetiology?

A

The underlying cause of a disease or condition

53
Q

What is aetiopathology?

A

The underlying cause and development of a disease or condition

54
Q

What is an iatrogenic disease?

A

A condition that develops after medical or surgical intervention

55
Q

What does each component of an H&E stain identify?

A

Hematoxylin: Stains nucleic acids (Nucleus) blue

Eosin: Stains proteins (Cytoplasm) red/pink

56
Q

What is the timeline of rigor mortis after death?

A

Warm and flaccid: Dead 36 hours

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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