Cargo Flashcards
What documents and certificates should be consulted when working on Bulk Carriers?
Document of Compliance for the Carriage of Bulk Cargoes.
Document of Compliance for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods.
Cargo Securing Manual.
Grain Loading Manual.
Enhance Survey Programme File.
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working on Bulk Carriers?
IMSBC Code (International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargo).
BLU codes and BLU Manuals.
CSS Code (Code of Stowage and Securing).
IGC Code (International Grain Code).
SOLAS Chapter 12 – Additional safety for bulk carriers.
IMDG Code – International Maritime Dangerous Good Code (2 Volumes and 1 Supplement).
MGN 335 – Guidelines for Early Assessment of Hull Damage and Need for Abandonment.
What are the three Bulk Cargo Types?
Class A - Cargoes which may liquefy.
Class B - Cargoes which possess a chemical hazard.
Class C - Cargoes which are neither of the above.
What loading considerations should be made for Bulk Cargoes?
Density of cargo.
Loading from a height.
Loading rate.
What are the hazards and safety concerns associated with Bulk Cargoes?
Dry shift.
Wet shift.
Spontaneous combustion.
Flammable gas and dust.
Toxic gas and dust.
Oxidation.
Reactivity with different cargoes.
Structural damage/ stress.
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working with grain?
International Code of Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code, 1991).
What product is included under the IGC code?
Grain.
Barley.
Maize.
Oats.
Rye.
Wheat.
Soya Beans.
Rice.
What are the Hazards associated with grain and grain like cargoes?
Heat.
Water ingress.
Mould.
Infestation or contamination.
What are the two types of hold cleaning standards?
- Hospital clean, very high standards of cleanliness needed, intact paint coating on all surfaces, only used for certain types of grain cargoes.
Grain clean, most commonly used, any loose paint or residue must be removed, holds tend to be washed down and dried, and the hull must be well ventilated to ensure odour and gas free.
What considerations should be made while loading grain?
Cargo shift, fill space to maximum to avoid these or use cover.
Requirements while loading which must be met:
* If there is a shift in cargo the list must be less than 12 degrees.
* If there is a shift in cargo, there must still be some residual static stability.
* The vessel must sail on a GM of more than 30cm.
* The vessel must be upright on sailing (no list).
What are the general specifics of container ships?
- Containers tend to be a standard size (40ft or 20ft), however, there are some specialised types.
- The carrying capacity of a vessel is calculated by 20ft containers.
- TEU stands for, Twenty Feet Equivalent Unit.
- Container ships have built-in cell guides which the containers slot into, sometimes having to be lashed down or secured.
What are container bays?
A bay consists of one or more rows, the bays are numbered from forward to aft, with an odd number indicating 20ft containers and even numbers indicating 40 ft containers.
What is container rows?
This is the vertical division of containers, running from amidships to port or amidships to starboard, odds on one side and evens on the other.
What is a container Tier?
This is the horizontal division of containers numbering from bottom to top.
What are the operational considerations with grain?
Stability.
Deadweight.
Stresses.
Rotation of ports.
Future cargo.
Dangerous goods.
Refrigerated cargoes.
Lashings and securing.
What are the general specifics of Ro-Ro ships?
- Stern, or bow doors tend to be used on such vessels.
- The vessels require extractor fans to extract vehicle fumes and other gases in the decks.
- Large scuppers are needed and must be kept debris free.
- Ramps or lifts are used to access multiple different car decks within the vessel.
What are the dangers associated with Ro-Ro’s?
Badly stowed or unsatisfactory conditions.
Free surface effect with tank vehicles.
Poorly maintained ramps, lifts, or doors.
Poor illumination.
Wet decks.
Inadequate supervision on decks/ ramps.
Failure to apply brakes or secure vehicles.
Poorly placed lashings.
Failure to comply with the correct declaration of cargo.
Incorrectly declared weights.
What are the general specifics of timber deck cargoes?
- This includes all types of large timber in loose or package forms, it does not include wood pulp or similar small cargo.
- The permeability of timber deck cargo is assumed to be 15% and therefore during the stability calculations, the weight of the cargo should be increased by 15%.
- Bad weather and big swell must be avoided at all costs, any loss of cargo should be reported to the nearest coastal state.
- Timber Load lines and requirements are different.
What are the loading considerations to be made with deck timber cargoes?
The height of the cargo should not restrict visibility from the bridge.
The height and weight of the cargo should not exceed the designed maximum permissible loading on the weather deck and hatch covers.
No overhangs.
If going through a winter zone. The height of cargo on the weather deck shall not exceed one-third of the extreme breadth of the ship.
What are the loading considerations to be made with deck timber cargoes in package form?
Lashing gear should be inspected regularly and tightened, when necessary, any adjustments to lashing should be recorded in the ship’s logbook.
Packages are secured.
A level of dunnage is provided for a secure foundation.
The stowage does not impede the safe operations of the vessel.
The stowage is in the fore and aft direction.
Protections are put in place where needed, e.g., air pipes.
Irregular packages are preferably not stored on the deck.
Stability calculations checked.
Equal weight distribution.
What are the loading considerations to be made with deck timber cargoes in loose form?
Logs should be uniformly and compactly stowed.
Stored in the fore and aft direction.
Lashed down tightly and safely.
What considerations should be made before discharging timber deck cargoes?
Cargo inspection.
Completing any damage reports.
Discharge sequence/ plan.
Removal of lashings.
Communication between ship and shore.
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working on Oil/Product Tankers?
ISGOTT (International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals).
What are the main features of an Oil/ Product Tanker?
Pipeline Systems .
Pumps.
Inert Gas Systems.
Tank washing and crude oil washing.
Ballast system.
Oil Content Monitoring and SOPEP.
Dangerous Cargo Hazards.
What are the three types of pipeline systems?
- Direct line system.
- Dedicated direct line system.
- Ring main system.
What is a direct line system oil/product Tanker?
This is where a group of tanks are directly connected to one pump. Usually found on crude carriers.
What is a dedicated direct line system on a oil/product Tanker?
This is where each tank has its own designated direct pipeline to its designated pump. Allowing the vessel to carry as many grades of cargo as there are tanks. Most commonly found on chemical tankers and gas carriers.
What is a ring main system oil/product Tanker?
This is where a pipeline runs around the boundary of the cargo spaces and connects all cargo pumps, therefore allowing any pump to serve any tank. Found on clean product carriers.
What types of pumps are used on an Oil/Product Tanker?
Centrifugal pumps.
Specialised centrifugal pumps.
Positive displacement pumps.
Eductor (Stripping pump).
What is inert gas?
This is a gas created which does not undergo any chemical reactions under a set given condition.
Inert gas is produced from an inert gas generator by burning diesel oil under a controlled condition to provide the correct levels of oxygen.
Requirements:
Must deliver inert gas with oxygen levels less than 5%.
Must be delivered at 125% of the maximum discharge rate of the ship’s cargo.
What are the elements of flammability?
- A source of fuel.
- Oxygen in a sufficient concentration.
- And a source of heat.
What is considered the lower flammable limit?
The Lower Flammable Limit is considered to be 1% (anything below this is too lean).
What is considered the upper flammable limit?
The Upper Flammable Limit is considered to be 11% (anything above this is too rich).
What amount of oxygen prohibits combustion?
Anything under 11% has too little oxygen to combust.
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working on Chemical Tankers?
IBC Code (International Code for the Construction and equipment of ships carrying dangerous chemicals in bulk).
International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the carriage of Noxious liquid substances in bulk.
Certificate of fitness for carriage of dangerous chemicals in bulk.
Procedures and Arrangements manual.
Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan for Noxious Liquid substances (SMPEP).
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
What are the Noxious liquid substances categories?
Category X – Major hazard to either marine resources or human health.
Category Y – Hazard to either marine resources or human health.
Category Z – Minor hazard to either marine resources or human health.
What are the Chemical Tanker categories?
Type 1: (Carrying the most extreme dangerous cargo, extreme care must be taken).
Type 2: (Carrying dangerous cargo and care must be taken).
Type 3: (Carrying the least dangerous cargo).
What is the principle of a Gas Tanker?
- A liquified gas is the liquid form of the substance that at ambient temperature is a gas.
- IMO definition for the liquefied gases carried by sea: “Liquids with a vapour pressure exceeding 2.8 bar absolute at a temperature of 37.80 C”.
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working on Gas Tankers?
Certificate of Fitness for Carriage of Liquified Gases in Bulk.
IGC Code.
ISGOTT (International safety guidance for oil terminals and tankers).
Tanker Safety Guide.
MARPOL Annex II – NLS in bulk.
What are the different types of Gas Carriers?
Fully Pressurised:
* Tend to be smaller vessels, cargo carried at ambient temperature.
* Cargo tanks are extremely heavy due to the pressures.
Semi-Pressurised:
* Similar to fully pressurised vessels.
* Carry LPG, Vinyl Chloride, Propylene.
Fully refrigerated LPG ships:
* Cargo carried at approximately atmospheric pressure.
* Carry large quantities of LPG and ammonia.
LNG:
* Specialised ships, designed to transport large volumes of LNG at its atmospheric boiling point (-162 degrees).
What are the different types of tanks used in a Gas Tanker?
Type A Tanks:
* These are found on fully refrigerated LPG Carriers.
* Prismatic tanks, capable of carrying cargoes below -10 degrees.
* Surrounded by a skin of foam insulation.
Type B Tanks:
* Spherical-shaped tanks.
* Found almost exclusively on LNG ships.
* The hold space is normally filled with dry inert gas.
Type C Tanks:
* Spherical or cylindrical shaped.
* Always used on semi-pressurised or fully pressurised gas carries.
What are the Hazards associated with Gas Tankers?
Flammability.
Toxicity.
Reactivity.
Corrosivity.
Cryogenic.
What is the IMDG code?
International guidelines for the safe transportation or shipment of dangerous goods or hazardous materials by water on vessels.
What is the contents of volume 1 of the IMDG Code?
- General provisions.
- Definitions.
- Training and classification.
What is the contents of volume 2 of the IMDG Code?
- DG List:
o Explosives.
o Gases.
o Flammable Liquids.
o Flammable Solids.
o Oxidizing Substances & Organic Peroxides.
o Toxic & Infectious Substances.
o Radioactive Material.
o Corrosive Substances.
o Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances and Articles. - Special Provisions and exceptions.
Supplement: - Emergency response procedures.
- Medical first aid guide.
