Cargo Flashcards
1
Q
What documents and certificates should be consulted when working on Bulk Carriers?
A
Document of Compliance for the Carriage of Bulk Cargoes.
Document of Compliance for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods.
Cargo Securing Manual.
Grain Loading Manual.
Enhance Survey Programme File.
2
Q
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working on Bulk Carriers?
A
IMSBC Code (International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargo).
BLU codes and BLU Manuals.
CSS Code (Code of Stowage and Securing).
IGC Code (International Grain Code).
SOLAS Chapter 12 – Additional safety for bulk carriers.
IMDG Code – International Maritime Dangerous Good Code (2 Volumes and 1 Supplement).
MGN 335 – Guidelines for Early Assessment of Hull Damage and Need for Abandonment.
3
Q
What are the three Bulk Cargo Types?
A
Class A - Cargoes which may liquefy.
Class B - Cargoes which possess a chemical hazard.
Class C - Cargoes which are neither of the above.
4
Q
What loading considerations should be made for Bulk Cargoes?
A
Density of cargo.
Loading from a height.
Loading rate.
5
Q
What are the hazards and safety concerns associated with Bulk Cargoes?
A
Dry shift.
Wet shift.
Spontaneous combustion.
Flammable gas and dust.
Toxic gas and dust.
Oxidation.
Reactivity with different cargoes.
Structural damage/ stress.
6
Q
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working with grain?
A
International Code of Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code, 1991).
7
Q
What product is included under the IGC code?
A
Grain.
Barley.
Maize.
Oats.
Rye.
Wheat.
Soya Beans.
Rice.
8
Q
What are the Hazards associated with grain and grain like cargoes?
A
Heat.
Water ingress.
Mould.
Infestation or contamination.
9
Q
What are the two types of hold cleaning standards?
A
- Hospital clean, very high standards of cleanliness needed, intact paint coating on all surfaces, only used for certain types of grain cargoes.
Grain clean, most commonly used, any loose paint or residue must be removed, holds tend to be washed down and dried, and the hull must be well ventilated to ensure odour and gas free.
10
Q
What considerations should be made while loading grain?
A
Cargo shift, fill space to maximum to avoid these or use cover.
Requirements while loading which must be met:
* If there is a shift in cargo the list must be less than 12 degrees.
* If there is a shift in cargo, there must still be some residual static stability.
* The vessel must sail on a GM of more than 30cm.
* The vessel must be upright on sailing (no list).
11
Q
What are the general specifics of container ships?
A
- Containers tend to be a standard size (40ft or 20ft), however, there are some specialised types.
- The carrying capacity of a vessel is calculated by 20ft containers.
- TEU stands for, Twenty Feet Equivalent Unit.
- Container ships have built-in cell guides which the containers slot into, sometimes having to be lashed down or secured.
12
Q
What are container bays?
A
A bay consists of one or more rows, the bays are numbered from forward to aft, with an odd number indicating 20ft containers and even numbers indicating 40 ft containers.
13
Q
What is container rows?
A
This is the vertical division of containers, running from amidships to port or amidships to starboard, odds on one side and evens on the other.
14
Q
What is a container Tier?
A
This is the horizontal division of containers numbering from bottom to top.
15
Q
What are the operational considerations with grain?
A
Stability.
Deadweight.
Stresses.
Rotation of ports.
Future cargo.
Dangerous goods.
Refrigerated cargoes.
Lashings and securing.
16
Q
What are the general specifics of Ro-Ro ships?
A
- Stern, or bow doors tend to be used on such vessels.
- The vessels require extractor fans to extract vehicle fumes and other gases in the decks.
- Large scuppers are needed and must be kept debris free.
- Ramps or lifts are used to access multiple different car decks within the vessel.
17
Q
What are the dangers associated with Ro-Ro’s?
A
Badly stowed or unsatisfactory conditions.
Free surface effect with tank vehicles.
Poorly maintained ramps, lifts, or doors.
Poor illumination.
Wet decks.
Inadequate supervision on decks/ ramps.
Failure to apply brakes or secure vehicles.
Poorly placed lashings.
Failure to comply with the correct declaration of cargo.
Incorrectly declared weights.
18
Q
What are the general specifics of timber deck cargoes?
A
- This includes all types of large timber in loose or package forms, it does not include wood pulp or similar small cargo.
- The permeability of timber deck cargo is assumed to be 15% and therefore during the stability calculations, the weight of the cargo should be increased by 15%.
- Bad weather and big swell must be avoided at all costs, any loss of cargo should be reported to the nearest coastal state.
- Timber Load lines and requirements are different.
19
Q
What are the loading considerations to be made with deck timber cargoes?
A
The height of the cargo should not restrict visibility from the bridge.
The height and weight of the cargo should not exceed the designed maximum permissible loading on the weather deck and hatch covers.
No overhangs.
If going through a winter zone. The height of cargo on the weather deck shall not exceed one-third of the extreme breadth of the ship.
20
Q
What are the loading considerations to be made with deck timber cargoes in package form?
A
Lashing gear should be inspected regularly and tightened, when necessary, any adjustments to lashing should be recorded in the ship’s logbook.
Packages are secured.
A level of dunnage is provided for a secure foundation.
The stowage does not impede the safe operations of the vessel.
The stowage is in the fore and aft direction.
Protections are put in place where needed, e.g., air pipes.
Irregular packages are preferably not stored on the deck.
Stability calculations checked.
Equal weight distribution.
21
Q
What are the loading considerations to be made with deck timber cargoes in loose form?
A
Logs should be uniformly and compactly stowed.
Stored in the fore and aft direction.
Lashed down tightly and safely.
22
Q
What considerations should be made before discharging timber deck cargoes?
A
Cargo inspection.
Completing any damage reports.
Discharge sequence/ plan.
Removal of lashings.
Communication between ship and shore.
23
Q
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working on Oil/Product Tankers?
A
ISGOTT (International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals).
24
Q
What are the main features of an Oil/ Product Tanker?
A
Pipeline Systems .
Pumps.
Inert Gas Systems.
Tank washing and crude oil washing.
Ballast system.
Oil Content Monitoring and SOPEP.
Dangerous Cargo Hazards.
25
What are the three types of pipeline systems?
- Direct line system.
- Dedicated direct line system.
- Ring main system.
26
What is a direct line system oil/product Tanker?
This is where a group of tanks are directly connected to one pump. Usually found on crude carriers.
27
What is a dedicated direct line system on a oil/product Tanker?
This is where each tank has its own designated direct pipeline to its designated pump. Allowing the vessel to carry as many grades of cargo as there are tanks. Most commonly found on chemical tankers and gas carriers.
28
What is a ring main system oil/product Tanker?
This is where a pipeline runs around the boundary of the cargo spaces and connects all cargo pumps, therefore allowing any pump to serve any tank. Found on clean product carriers.
29
What types of pumps are used on an Oil/Product Tanker?
Centrifugal pumps.
Specialised centrifugal pumps.
Positive displacement pumps.
Eductor (Stripping pump).
30
What is inert gas?
This is a gas created which does not undergo any chemical reactions under a set given condition.
Inert gas is produced from an inert gas generator by burning diesel oil under a controlled condition to provide the correct levels of oxygen.
Requirements:
Must deliver inert gas with oxygen levels less than 5%.
Must be delivered at 125% of the maximum discharge rate of the ship’s cargo.
31
What are the elements of flammability?
* A source of fuel.
* Oxygen in a sufficient concentration.
* And a source of heat.
32
What is considered the lower flammable limit?
The Lower Flammable Limit is considered to be 1% (anything below this is too lean).
33
What is considered the upper flammable limit?
The Upper Flammable Limit is considered to be 11% (anything above this is too rich).
34
What amount of oxygen prohibits combustion?
Anything under 11% has too little oxygen to combust.
35
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working on Chemical Tankers?
IBC Code (International Code for the Construction and equipment of ships carrying dangerous chemicals in bulk).
International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the carriage of Noxious liquid substances in bulk.
Certificate of fitness for carriage of dangerous chemicals in bulk.
Procedures and Arrangements manual.
Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan for Noxious Liquid substances (SMPEP).
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
36
What are the Noxious liquid substances categories?
Category X – Major hazard to either marine resources or human health.
Category Y – Hazard to either marine resources or human health.
Category Z – Minor hazard to either marine resources or human health.
37
What are the Chemical Tanker categories?
Type 1: (Carrying the most extreme dangerous cargo, extreme care must be taken).
Type 2: (Carrying dangerous cargo and care must be taken).
Type 3: (Carrying the least dangerous cargo).
38
What is the principle of a Gas Tanker?
- A liquified gas is the liquid form of the substance that at ambient temperature is a gas.
- IMO definition for the liquefied gases carried by sea: “Liquids with a vapour pressure exceeding 2.8 bar absolute at a temperature of 37.80 C”.
39
What codes and guidance should be consulted when working on Gas Tankers?
Certificate of Fitness for Carriage of Liquified Gases in Bulk.
IGC Code.
ISGOTT (International safety guidance for oil terminals and tankers).
Tanker Safety Guide.
MARPOL Annex II – NLS in bulk.
40
What are the different types of Gas Carriers?
Fully Pressurised:
* Tend to be smaller vessels, cargo carried at ambient temperature.
* Cargo tanks are extremely heavy due to the pressures.
Semi-Pressurised:
* Similar to fully pressurised vessels.
* Carry LPG, Vinyl Chloride, Propylene.
Fully refrigerated LPG ships:
* Cargo carried at approximately atmospheric pressure.
* Carry large quantities of LPG and ammonia.
LNG:
* Specialised ships, designed to transport large volumes of LNG at its atmospheric boiling point (-162 degrees).
41
What are the different types of tanks used in a Gas Tanker?
Type A Tanks:
* These are found on fully refrigerated LPG Carriers.
* Prismatic tanks, capable of carrying cargoes below -10 degrees.
* Surrounded by a skin of foam insulation.
Type B Tanks:
* Spherical-shaped tanks.
* Found almost exclusively on LNG ships.
* The hold space is normally filled with dry inert gas.
Type C Tanks:
* Spherical or cylindrical shaped.
* Always used on semi-pressurised or fully pressurised gas carries.
42
What are the Hazards associated with Gas Tankers?
Flammability.
Toxicity.
Reactivity.
Corrosivity.
Cryogenic.
43
What is the IMDG code?
International guidelines for the safe transportation or shipment of dangerous goods or hazardous materials by water on vessels.
44
What is the contents of volume 1 of the IMDG Code?
* General provisions.
* Definitions.
* Training and classification.
45
What is the contents of volume 2 of the IMDG Code?
* DG List:
o Explosives.
o Gases.
o Flammable Liquids.
o Flammable Solids.
o Oxidizing Substances & Organic Peroxides.
o Toxic & Infectious Substances.
o Radioactive Material.
o Corrosive Substances.
o Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances and Articles.
* Special Provisions and exceptions.
Supplement:
* Emergency response procedures.
* Medical first aid guide.
46
What is the scope of the International Grain Code and what products does it cover?
The Code applies to all vessels carrying grain in bulk, regardless of size, including vessels under 500 gross tonnage. it covers wheat, maize, oats, rye, barley, rice, pulses, seeds and their processed forms that behave similarly to natural grain
47
What are the key stability requirements for vessels carrying grain?
Vessels must maintain:
1. Initial GM of 0.3m.
2. Upright condition before sailing.
3. Maximum heel angle of 12 degrees or deck edge immersion angle (whichever is less).
4. Minimum net area between heeling and righting arm curves of 0.075 meter-radians.
48
What is required for a vessel to carry partial grain cargoes without a Document of Authorization?
A vessel may carry partial grain loads without a DoA if:
1. Total grain weight is less than 1/3 of vessel's deadweight.
2. Filled compartments have proper centerline divisions.
3. All hatches are secured.
4. Free grain surfaces are trimmed level.
5. It maintains a minimum GM of 0.3m throughout voyage.
49
What are the main methods to prevent grain shifting during transit?
1. Shifting boards in filled or partially filled holds to provide resistance against grain movement.
2. Saucering technique using tarps to prevent surface grain movement.
50
What documentation is required for grain carriage?
1. Document of Authorization from flag state or recognised organisation.
2. Grain loading manual with stability requirements.
51
Can a vessel carry grain without a Document of Authorisation?
Generally, no. However, there is a provision to do so if the Master satisfactorily demonstrates to the flag state or the port state of loading, acting on behalf of the flag, that the vessel will comply with all aspects of the Code in its loaded condition.
52
What are MHBs?
MHB stands for Materials Hazardous in Bulk. They are substances that are only hazardous when transported in bulk, but they may still pose significant risks and require special safety precautions.
53
What hazards can MHBs pose?
To qualify as an MHB, material must pose one or more of the hazards listed below.
1. Combustible Solids (CB).
2. Self Heating Solids (SH).
3. Solids that evolve flammable gas when wet (WF).
4. Solids that evolve toxic gas when wet (WT).
5. Toxic Solids (TX).
6. Corrosive Solids (CR).
7. Other Hazards.
54
When should the hazards of MHBs be noted?
hazards must be disclosed on the cargo information form before loading.
Additionally, these hazards are indicated in the MHB category on the individual Schedule of Cargoes pages, corresponding to the notational reference provided in the brackets above for each applicable cargo.
55
What are Dangerous Goods in Bulk?
'Dangerous goods in solid form un bulk' refer to materials that are not in liquid or gas form. They are specifically covered by the IMDG Code and are loaded directly into a ship's cargo spaces without any intermediate containment.
56
What is the main purpose of the CSS Code?
The CSS Code provides an international mandatory standard for the safe stowage and securing of cargoes.
57
What type of vessels must carry a Cargo Securing Manual?
All cargi vessels carrying cargo units other than bulk should carry a vessel-specific Cargo Securing Manual.
58
What must the Master ensure about the deck area before loading cargo?
The Master must ensure the deck area is clean, dry, and free from oil and grease as far as practicable
59
What document should road vehicles provide when being loaded onto vessels?
Road vehicles should provide a 'Cargo Stowage and Securing Declaration', where practicable.
60
What are the main forces that affect vessels and cargo during heavy weather?
Heaving, slamming, rolling, and pitching forces affect vessels and cargo during heavy weather.
61
What is the first recommended action when cargo shifts?
Alter course to reduce the forces acting upon the cargo and its securing gear.
62
Does the CSS Code apply to solid and liquid bulk cargoes?
No, the CSS Code does not apply yo solid and liquid bulk cargoes or timber stowed on deck.
63
Which chapter of SOLAS makes the CSS Code mandatory?
SOLAS Chapter VI (Carriage of cargoes).
64
Where can you find information about the number and location of all lashings and securing devices for cargo work on your vessel?
The vessel's Cargo Securing Manual
65
What is the Cargo Securing Manual (CSM)?
The Cargo Securing Manual is a vessel-specific manual that provides instructions and guidance on how to safely stow and secure cargo according to the CSS Code.
66
How many main chapters does a typical CSM contain?
The CSM contains fove main chapters but a CSM will only contain the ones relevant to that vessel.
- General information.
-Securing Devices and Arrangements.
-Non-standardized Cargo Handling
-Standardized Cargo Handling.
-The cargo safe access plan
67
Which vessels must have a Cargo Safe Access Plan (CSAP)?
Container vessels.
68
What area of the vessel experiences the highest longitudinal forces?
The forwards area (bow section) experiences the highest longitudinal forces.
69
What are the two methods for calculating cargo securing strength?
the two methods are the Rule of Thumb Method (RTM) and the Advanced Calculation Method.
70
According to the Rule of Thumb Method, what is the transverse force calculation?
The transverse force is calculated as 80% of the cargo weight.
71
Which area of the vessel is best for storing heavy or sensitive cargo?
The lower holds are best for heavy or sensitive cargo as they experience the lowest overall forces.
72
When must all cargo securing to completed on vessels with ro-ro spaces?
All cargo securing must be completed before the vessel leaves the berth.
73
What is the purpose of the Timber Deck Code?
The TDC Code ensures that timber deck cargoes are loaded, towed and secured to prevent damage to the vessel, harm to crew or loss of cargo overboard.
74
What are basic principles for the stowage of the timber deck cargoes?
the basic principle for the safe carriage of timber deck cargo is to make the stow as solid, compact and stable as practicable. The purpose of this is to:
1. Prevent movement in the store, which could cause the lashings to slacken.
2. Produce a binding effect within the stow.
3. Reduce the permeability of the stow to a minimum.
75
How can you quickly jettison timber deck cargoes?
By releasing the wiggle wire.
76
What are the impacts on GM of the extra buoyancy afforded by timber deck cargoes?
The extra buoyancy of timber cargo loaded on deck can be a double-edged sword. It may cause vessels to have too large a GM (i.e. too 'stiff'), which can subject it to excessive accelerations.
The GM of vessels carrying timber deck cargoes should not exceed 3% of the vessel's breath.
77
What is the recommended allowance for moisture absorption of timber deck cargoes?
The Code recommends allowing for up to 35% permeability.
78
How can a timber vessel's load lines differ from a normal vessel?
Timber deck cargoes can provide a vessel with additional buoyancy and vessels assigned a Timber Load Line may be permitted to load a greater draft than under a standard load line. If applicable, this authorisation will be stated on the vessel's Load Line Certificate.
79
How should a vessel be prepared for loading a timber deck cargo?
1. Close and batten down hatch covers and other opening.
2. Protect air vents, sounding pipes, etc. to prevent damage.
3. clear away snow, ice and any deck instructions.
4, Prepare friction-enhancing arrangements.
5, Prepare and inspect deck, lashings, uprights and other securing equipment,
80
How do you know that a container is safe to use?
It will have a valid Safety Approval or CSC Plate.
81
To which containers does the CSC Code apply?
The requirements of CSC 1972 apply to the vast majority of freight containers used internationally, except those explicitly designed for carriage by air.
82
What is the purpose of the CSC plate?
The CSC plate indicates that a container complies with the International Convention for Containers (CSC).
It ensures that containers are structurally sound, safe for handling tracking and transporting cargo internationally.
83
What are the details found on a CSC plate?
1. CSC Safety Approval Stamp
2. Country of approval and approval reference.
3. Date of manufacture.
4. The manufacturer's identification number of the container.
5. Maximum Gross Weight (kg and lbs)
6. Allowable Stacking Weight (kg and lbs),
7. Transverse racking test load value.
84
What markings are required on containers?
1. Container Number
2, Check Digit.
3. ISO Code
4. Operational Markings
5. CSC Plate.
85
What is the purpose of the IMDG Code?
The IMDG Code aims to ensure safe carriage of dangerous goods by sea, facilitate free movement of such cargoes and prevent marine pollution.
86
When did the IMDG Code become mandatory under international law?
The IMDG Code became mandatory under international law 1st January 2004.
87
How many volumes does the IMDG Code consist of?
The IMDG Code consists of two volumes, plus a supplement.
88
Why was the IMDG Code created?
The Code was created to replace various differing national laws with standardised international framework for identifying and labeling dangerous goods.
89
What is contained in Volume 1 of the IMDG Code?
Volume 1 contains classification, packing provisions, consignment procedures, packaging construction standards, and stowage segregation provisions.
90
What is contained in volume 2 of the IMDG Code?
Volume 2 contains the Dangerous Goods List.
91
What important guides are included in the supplement?
The Supplement containes the Emergency Repsonse Procedures Guide (EmS) and Medical First Aid Guide (MFAG).
92
How often is the IMDG Code updated?
The IMDG Code is updated every two years.
93
How many main UN classes of dangerous goods are there?
Nine.
94
What happens when Class 4.3 substances come in contact with water?
Class 4.3 substances emit flammable gases when they come in contact with water.
95
How many divisions does Class 2 (Gases) have?
Class 2 has three divisions:
- 2.1 (flammable gases)
-2.2. (non-flamable, non-toxic gas).
-2.3 (Toxic gases).
96
What are the three packing groups in the IMDG Code and what do they indicate?
Packing Group I (X) indicates high danger.
Packing Group II (Y) indicates medium danger.
Packing Group III (Z) indicates low danger.
97
What document is specifically required for containers and vehicles carrying dangerous goods?
A Container/Vehicle Packing Certificate is required in addition to the dangerous goods transport document.
98
What is a Dangerous Goods transport document?
it is declaration of the cargo information required under the IMDG Code and includes a Shipper's Declaration that the consignment is accurately packaged, marked and labelled, and is in good condition.
99
Where can you find the packaging instructions in the IMDG Code?
The packaging instructions are found in chapter 4 of the IMDG Code.
100
What must be verified before signing the Container/Vehicle Packing Certificate?
The certificate must verify that the container/vehicle was clean and fit to receive goods, that packages were properly segregated, that all packages were inspected for damage, that goods were correctly loaded and braced, and that appropriate documentation was received.
101
What are the three main requirements that must be certified in a Dangerous Goods Transport Document?
the document must certify that the goods are properly packaged, marked and labelled, and in proper condition for transport in accordance with applicable regulations
102
In which part of the IMDG Code is the Dangerous Goods list?
Volume 2.
103
What is the Dangerous Goods List?
The Dangerous Goods List is an ordered list of dangerous goods by UN number.
104
Why is volume 2 typically the starting point for IMDG Code users?
Volume 2 is the starting point because it provides all essential information needed to load and segregate dangerous goods, allowing users to look up specific substances using UN number.
105
How can you identify a specific dangerous good in the list?
You can identify a specific dangerous goods using its UN number, which can be found on the dangerous goods transport document or container marking.
106
What are the four segregation terms as listed in the IMDG code?
1, Away from
2. Separated from.
3. Separated by a complete compartment or hold from.
4, Separated longitudinally by intervening complete compartment or hold from.
107
Which certificate authorises vessels to carry dangerous goods in packaged form?
The Dangerous Goods Document of Compliance,
108
Which document provides a visual representation of where dangerous goods can be carried onboard a vessel?
Schedule 1 of the Document of Compliance.
109
Where can you find the stiawage requirements for a specific dangerous good?
Stowage requirements can be found in Column 16 of the Dangerous goods list
110
Why are Limited and Excepted Quantities afforded relief from some requirements of the IMDG Code?
The IMDG Code recognises that small amounts of dangerous goods present a lower risk during transport. This provision is intended to simplify the transport of consumer goods like aerosols, cleaning products and paints.
111
Which are smaller, Limited Quantities or Excepted Quantities?
Excepted Quantities are smaller.
112
How can a seafarer determine the maximum amount of a Limited Quantity?
By referring to column 7a of the Dangerous Goods List in Volume 2 of the IMDG code.
113
What is a stowage category under the IMDG Code?
Sotwage categories define whether the cargo must be stowed on deck under deck, or in specially ventilated spaces. the stowage categories are named 01 to 05 for explosives and A to E for everything else.
114
What is the EmS Guide?
It provides guidance on Emergency Response Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous goods, including emergency schedules for incidents involving dangerous substances.
115
What are the two types of EmS codes found in the Dangerous Goods List?
The two types are F-codes (for fire) and S-codes (for spillage).
116
What is the EmS Guide?
It provides guidance on Emergency Response Procedures For Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods, including emergency Schedules for incidents involving dangerous substances.
117
What are the two types of EmS codes found in the Dangerous Good List?
The two types are F-code (for fire) and S-codes (for spillage).
118
What is the primary purpose of the Medical First Aid Guide (MFAG)?
This provides advice for initial management of chemical poisoning and diagnosis within the facilities available at sea.
119
How do you start using the EmS guide in an emergency?
- Find the EmS code for the UN Number of the DG in the list located in volume 2 IMDG.
- Locate the corresponding Emergency Schedule in the Supplement.
120
What is the first step in using the MFAG?
The first step is to access the casualty using the Emergency Action flow chart.
121
What information does an F-code provide?
An F-code provides information for fire fighting response to emergencies involving dangerous goods.
122
What information does an S-code provide?
