Bridge Equipment Flashcards
1
Q
What does ECDIS stand for?
A
Electronic Chart Display and Information System?
2
Q
What is the primary purpose of ECDIS?
A
To enhance the safety of navigation.
3
Q
How can OOws avoid becoming over-reliant on ECDIS?
A
By regularly cross-checking the position given by the ECDIS and by throughly understanding the limitations of the system.
4
Q
What is datum shift?
A
Datum shift is when the datum used to derive the position doesn’t match the datum of the chart on whihc that position is plotted.
5
Q
What is alarm fatigue?
A
Alarm fatigue is when users who are exposed to high-levels of spurious/false alarms begin to be desensitised and fail to respond to alarms appropriatley.
6
Q
What is an ECS?
A
An Electronic Charting System whihc does not meet the performance standards laid down by the IMO for it to be classed as an ECDIS.
7
Q
Which vessels are required be fitted with ECDIS?
A
All newly-built pasenger ships of 500 gt or more and all newly-built cargo ships (including tankers) of 3000gt or more, on international voyages.
7
Q
Must a vessel carry two, independent ECDIS systems to meet the carriage requirements of SOLAS V R19?
A
No, it is also acceptable to carry an ‘appropriate folio’ of paper charts.
8
Q
If a vessel does carry an additional ECDIS unit as a back-up, what are the additional requirements?
A
It must be an independent, type-approved ECDIS unit with a seperate (normal and emergency) power supply and GNSS input.
9
Q
Which part of SOLAS states the carriage requirements for ECDIS?
A
SOLAS Chapter V (Safety of Navigation), Regulation 19 (Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational systems and equipment).
10
Q
What are the training requirements for the use of ECDIS?
A
All officers using ECDIS must have attended a Generic ECDIS Course and have received type-specific ECDIS Training.
11
Q
Are Officers required to complete a type-specific ECDIS training course?
A
No but the company must ensure that their Officers are appropriately trained and familiarised with the equipment. This may be through a course or a program of onboard training.
12
Q
Where is the vessl’s approval to use ECDIS as the Primary Means of Navigation recorded?
A
On the vessel’s Record of Equipment, which is part of the Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate (where it is known as Form E) or the Passenger Ship Safety Certificate (where it is known as Form P)
13
Q
What must the SMS contain regarding ECDIS?
A
It must include procedures for carriage and safe operation with ECDIS.
14
Q
What is the primary source of position input for ECDIS?
A
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
15
Q
Which input enables the ECDIS to geneerate a heading marker?
A
Gyrocompass.
16
Q
Which input creates the small triangles on the ECDIS screen which represent other vessels?
A
Automated Identification System (AIS).
17
Q
Which system input is used to display water depth and/or under keel clearance on the ECDIS?
A
Echosounder.
18
Q
Which input provides the ECDIS with STW data?
A
Speed log.
19
Q
Which system can be overlaid onto ECDIS and used for both position monitoring and assessing risk of collision?
A
Radar.
20
Q
Whihc two mandatory alerts relate to the vessel’s GNSS units?
A
Change in geodetic datum and positioning system failure.
21
Q
How many mandatory alerts are there?
A
Five, although three additional ones may be raised either as an alert or an indication.
22
Q
How many mandatory indications are there?
A
Twelve, although three additional ones may be raised either as an alert or an indication.
23
Q
Whar is the difference between an alert and an indication?
A
An alert is audible (and most likely also visual), whereas an indication is soley visual.
24
What are the three priorities of alert on an ECDIS?
Alarm, warning and caution.
25
What are the five mandatory alerts on ECDIS?
- Pass closer than the set distance from the safety contour.
- Deviation form route.
- Positioning system failure.
- Approach to critical point.
- Different geodetic datum.
26
Which electronic chart type is preferable when navigating with an ECDIS unit?
An Electronic Navigational CHart (ENC).
27
Does a small-scale chart represent more or less land/sea area?
More. A small-scale chart uses a smaller scale to represent more land/sea area on a single chart.
28
Which scale is an ENC at scale 6?
Berthing.
29
What is an ECDIS called when it is being used to display RNCs?
A Raster Chart Display system (RCDS).
30
Which electronic chart type enables the interrogation of chart data?
ENCs.
31
Which electronic chart type is a database of information whihc is then represented graphically to the user?
ENCs
32
Which electronic chart type can make it easier to find information on berth names/numbers?
RNCs, because this information is often harder to find on ENCs and can be laid out less clearly.
33
Which set of ECDIS symbols looks more like those found on paper charts?
Traditional.
34
What does a symbol that looks like a purple Octogon with a white cross represent?
Which UKHO publication provides information about the symbols used on electronic charts?
35
What are the four categories of symbols found on ENCs?
- Genral.
- Navigational Aid and Services.
- Topographical.
- Hydrographical.
36
Which category of symbols contains depth sounding?
Hydrographical
37
Whihc of the contours takes into account a 'Minimum UKC' value?
Safety Contour.
38
Which Cart Presentation Mode contains the least chart information?
Base
39
What is the Safety Depth value normally set to?
The same value as the Safety Contour.
40
Which cotnour is intended to indicate to the OOW that the vessel is entering an area where they start to experience squat?
Deep Contour.
41
What does a spot sounding which is deeper than the SAfety Depth look like?
A light grey number.
42
What happens when the look-ahead sector touches the safety contour?
An alarm will sound on the ECDIS. This is one of the mandatory alarms.
43
What's the difference between the Safety Depth and Safety Contour?
Although they use the smae value, the Safety Contour acts as the ECDIS's no-go area, broadly dividing areas of safe and unsafe water in a way that's very obvious and also works with the alarm features of ECDIS. Safety Depths give further context by highlighting depths shallower than the value set in bold, whereas safe depths are in a less-noitcable grey.
44
In the context of ECDIS, what does 'interrogating' mean?
Clicking on an ENC object to see more information about it.
45
What is SCAMIN?
SCAMIN means Scale Minimum. It is a filter, based on scale, whihc is used to manage the amount of information displayed on the ECDIS screen.
46
Which scale/zoom level should we navigate on?
in general, we should always naviagte on the largest-scale cell available for the area in which the vessel is naviagting and display that cell at its compilation scale.
47
How should the position be monitored whne using ECDIS?
The GNSS feed into the ECDIS will provide it with continuous position updates but the OOW must also cross-check this position at appropriate interval using other means, such as visual and radar fixes.
48
Which ENC standard ensures the consistency of presentation across ECDIS systems?
S-52
49
WHich is the current version of the Presentation Library?
Version 4 - 2017
50
What are the four ENCs standards?
S-52, S-57, S-63 and S-100
51
What is the differnce between S57 and S-100?
S-57 is a single standard whihc defines the procedures to construct an ENC, whereas S-100 is a Universal Hydrographic Data Model which will enable a variety of S-100-based products (such as S-102 - Bathymetric Surface, i.e. depth information) to be overlaid on top of S-101, the new S-100-series standard for ENCs.
52
We have a vessel that is 336m in lrngth, anchored with 8 shackles on deck. What radius should the swinging circle be set to?
0.3 nm (3 cables)
53
What are VDRs used for?
To record data from various systems during a voyage so that this information can be accessed in case of an accident, much like the black box in a plane.
54
How many meters are there in a shackle?
27.5m
55
How many GPS satellites must be in sight of the reciver unit in order to provide a 3D fix?
4
56
Under SOLAS, which vessels are required to carry a GNSS unit?
All vessels on international voyages, regardless of size.
57
Which was the origional GNSS system?
The american NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS).
58
What is an adavantage of GLONASS over GPS?
GLONASS's constellation provides better accuracy at high latitiudes.
59
What type of course data will be provided by a GNSS?
Course Over Ground (COG).
60
How does a GNSS present position data?
In latitude & longitude.
61
HWat does a GNSS give speed in reference to?
GNSS speed is always Speed Over Ground.
62
Is a more accurate position fix indicated by a smaller or larger DOP value?
Smaller.
63
How does RAIM work?
For receivers using the NAVSTAR GPS constellation, it uses additional satellites that are within range to cross-check the integrity of the psoition data.
64
What is SBAS?
Space Based Augmentation System.
65
What is the current status of dGPS in the UK?
dGPS was the primary form of Ground Based Augmentation System in the UK but the service was terminated in 2022.
66
According to MGN 379, what is the approximate accuracy of GNSS-derived positions?
5-25m, 95% of the time.
- However, high quality recivers may achieve better results and augmentation systems may increase accuracy to 1m or less.
67
Which source of interference is the deliberate subsitiution of a genuine position sinal with a fake one?
Spoofing.
68
Which error can occur when the GNSS signal bounces off a vessel's funnel before being recevied by the antenna?
Multipath error.
69
How does the radar understand the bearing of detected objects?
By reference to the vessel's heading.
70
What size vessels are required to carry an X band radar?
Over 300gt.
71
Why must the first radar carried by a vessel be an X band?
Becuase only X band radars are able to detect SARTs.
72
What size vessels are required to carry an additional X band or an S band radar?
Vessels over 3000gt are required to carry either two X band radars or one of each.
73
Why do most large vessels carry an X band and an S band Radar?
Because each has its advanatges, so it's best to have one of each.
74
A radar must ensure that targets can be detected while the vessel encounters a roll of up to how many degrees?
10 degrees.
75
What is the reuired bearing accuracy for detected objects?
Within 1 degree.
76
What are the requirements for range discrimination of a radar?
In calm conditions, on a range scale of 1.5nm or less, the radar must be capable of displaying two point targets on the same bearing, separated by 40m in range, as two distinct objects.
77
When should you comduct a performance monitor on your radar?
On start up & once per watch.
78
Which type of clutter control reduces the amplification of the returning pulse in the vicinity of the vessel?
Sea clutter.
79
What is the correct order in which to set-up a radar?
B-G-T-Rain then Sea
80
How should the gain be set for optimum performance?
It should be increased slowly until a light speckling appears across the entire radar screen and then decreased ever so slightly until the speckling disappears.
81
What should the performace monitor result be checked against?
The image in the manufacturer's instructions.
82
Which speed input is used with a sea stabilised radar?
A speed log, giving the vessel's speed through the water (STW)
83
In open sea,why is sea stabilisation of the radar preferred for collision avoidance?
Because the true vector of the other vessel will give a more accurate representation of the other vessel's aspect.
84
In coastal or pilotage waters, why may ground stabilisation of the radar be preferred?
Because ground stabilisation may improve situational awareness because land and other fixed objects won't display trails in true motion (whihc reduces clutter) and the radar will provide the OOW with a clearer visual indication of our vessel's set and drift by displaying our true vector on the screen.
85
Which radar setting fixes the vessel at one point of the screen and causes objects on the screen tomove around the vessel as if it was not moving?
Relative motion.
86
Which orientation is not stabilised?
Head-up
87
Which error causes multiple targets at the same bearing but different ranges?
Multiple echoes.
88
How much sea and rain clutter should be applied on our radar?
The minimum necessary to achieve not attempt to have a 'clean' radar screen.
89
Which error results from additional, weaker radiation emanating form the radar scanner?
Side-lobe error.
90
What causes indirect echo error?
WHen the radar pulse returns to the scanner having bounced off of part of the Ship's structure, such as the funnel.
91
WHat is likely to occur in a vessel's blind sector?
Targets will not be detected and acquired targets are likely to be lost.
92
Which may be more accurate, especially on smaller vessels; radar ranges or bearings?
Radar ranges, due to the beam width causing poor bearing discrimination.
93
How many lines of position must be used for all position fixes?
A minimum of three.
94
How should charted objects/features be selected for use in position fixing using radar?
Objects/features must be radar conspicuous and easily identifiable so that there isn't any inaccuracy or confusion when applying the range/bearing to the chart/ECDIS.
95
Which MGN gives guidance on the use of electronic naviagation aids?
MGN 379.
96
Your PI is set off of a headland to stbd of your track, at 3.6nm. If the PI is to seaword of the headland, are you to port or to stbd of your track?
To port.
97
How does a SART indicate its position on an X band radar at a range of approximately 6nm?
Arcs
98
What is the battery life of a SART in passive mode?
96 hours.
99
Whwre is a SART located in relation to the twelve dots?
At the first dot.
100
Which type of radar can detect SARTs?
Only X band radars can detect SARTs.
101
What pattern doeas a RACON form on the radar screen?
A series of dots and dashes to create a morse code letter.
102
What is a Racon?
Responds to a recieved radar pulse by transmitting an identifable patter back to the radar set.
103
How long does the OOW need to wait before taking decsisions based in ARPA data?
three minutes
104
What size vessels are required to carry an ARPA?
Vessels over 10,000gt.
105
What does ARPA stand for?
Automtic Radar Ploting Aid.
106
How mayn targets should an ARPA be cabable of tracking simultaneously?
40
107
Which system is used to assist the OOW with manual plotting of targets?
Electronic Plotting Aid (EPA)
108
WHihc system enables automatic tracking of targets but isn't required to acquire them automatically?
Automatic Tracking Aid (ATA).
109
Which system must be capable of carrying out a 'trial manouvre'
ARPA.
110
How quickly is ARPA required to provide preliminary CPA and TCPA data?
WIthin one minute
111
How quickly must the ARPA provide accurate CPA/TCPA data on whihc collision avoidance decisions can be made?
three minutes.
112
Which data remains reliable even with a gyro error or failure?
CPA/TCPA because these are based on relative motion and therfore do not require a speed/heading input.
113
What is target swap?
- Occurs when ARPA-acquired objects pass too close to each other, such as when two vessel's pass or a vessel passes a fixed object like a buoy,
- When this happens, the tracking gates end up on top of one another, resulting in the acquisition switch to the other object or, at least, causing the tracking data to be inaccurate until three minutes have passed.
114
Why is there a ddelay between a vessel altering course and this being reflected by the ARPA data?
BEcaue ARPA tracks a vessl's past motion in order to predict its future motion it is inherently retrospective. If a vessel alters course, the ARPA will provide inaccurate informaion until the old course is no longer incorporated into its tracking window, which is why we must wait for three minutes.
115
What will happen to the radar/ARPA if the vessel's gyro fails?
The radar is likely to default to another gyro input for its heading or, if none are available, to the TMC (magnetic) heading input. If so, compass errors will eed to be applied and the magnetic compass may not be steady enough to provide reliable ARPA data, particularly in heavy weather.
116
What must the OOW do if target swap occurs?
Ensure that both targets are reacquired (if necessary) and ensure that three minutes elapses beore the target data is used for collision avoidance again.
117
What will happen to the radar if all deading inputs fail?
The radar will default to un-stabilised head-up orientation.
118
Which mode gives us a prediction of thefurture movement of another vessel in relation to our vessel?
Relavtie vectors.
119
WHich mode gives us a historic representation of a vessel's actual motion?
True trails.
120
What information can relative vectors provide at a glance?
An indication of whether a target could could have risk of collision (when the vector is pointing towards our vessel).
121
What information is included voyage data for AIS?
(Information that relates to the current voyage)
- Voyage of the Vessel.
- Destination.
- ETA.
- Draft.
122
What information is included static data for AIS?
(Information that is not subject to change)
- Vessel's name.
- Call sign.
- IMO number.
- Dimensions and type.
123
What information is included dynamic data for AIS?
(Information about the vessel whihc is constantly changing)
- Speed.
- Course.
- Position.
- Heading.
124
How often does Class A AIS transmit dynamic information for a vessel alongside ?
Every 3 minutes.
125
Under the Workboat Code whihc vessels are required to carry an AIS unit?
Those operating more than 20nm from land.
126
Passenger vessels on international voyages are required to be fitted with whihc class of AIS?
Class A.
127
Over which band do AIS units transmit?
Very High Frequency (VHF).
128
Which MGN outlines the procedures for the appropriate use of AIS?
MGN 324.
129
What is an MKD?
A Minmum Keyboard Display.
130
What are some advantages of AIS data over ARPA?
AIS enables us to 'see' targets which are behind obstructions or in heavy rain and AIS data is current whereas ARPA data is historical.
131
How often does an AIS SART transmit each of its eight distress messages?
Once a minute.
132
Whihc type of AIS ATON is physical object but has it's AIS message transmitted from ashore?
A Synthetic AIS ATON.
133
Which type of AIS ATON does not physically exist?
A virtual AIS ATON.
134
Which pole does a magnetic compass point towards?
It points towards the magnetic north pole.
135
Which vessels are required to carry a magnetic compass onboard?
All vessels.
136
At whihc pole does the magnetic field exit the Earth's surface?
At the magnetic south pole
137
What keeps the compass level in rough seas?
The gimbal.
138
Which vessels are required to carry a spare magnetic compass?
Vessels over 150gt, if theu aren't fitted with an approved gyro compass.
139
What are the cardinal points?
North, South, East and West.
140
Which pole moves slowly over time; Magnetic or true?
The magnetic poles move slowly over time. True north is a fixed, geographical point.
141
Which type of magnetism changes with the vessel's latitude and heading?
Induced magnetism.
142
What is metal which acquires permanent magnetism also referred to as?
Hard iron.
143
How can the OOW check the deviation that they should expect on a particular heading?
By reference to the vessel's deviation card.
144
Which changes slowly due to the movement of the Earth's magnetic poles; deviation or variation?
Variation.
145
What is deviation?
Compass deviation is a directional error that occurs in a vessel.
146
On a paper chart, how is the variation in a loaction quantified?
The centre of the compass rose gives the variation for the year of publi
147
Which type of compass correctors for induced magnetism in the ship's funnel?
Flinders bar.
148
Which body is typically used to take an amplitude for the purpose of checking the compass error.
The sun.
149
Who is qualified to swing a magnetic compass?
In the UK, only Compass Adjuster holding the appropriate Compass Adjuster's Certificate of competency may adjust a compass.
150
How often must a compass be corrected?
Once every two years, unless a Compass's Record Book is being maintained and regular compass checks are being carried out.
151
Which magnets correct for permanent magnetism in a longitudinal direction?
Fore & aft correcting magnets.
152
Which body is typically used to take an amplitude for the purpose of checking the compass error.
The Sun.
153
How can the Line of Berth be used to conduct a compass error?
If a large vessel is firmly alongside a straight berth, the vessel's heading can be compared to the Line of Berth from the chart.
154
How often should the compass error be checked?
Ideally, the compass error should be checked once per watch and after each major course alteration.
155
What are the three parts of a vessel's permanent magnetism, also referred to as 'Forces'?
Force P (fore and aft), Force Q (athwartship), and Force R (vertical).
156
In compass correcting, what are 'rods'?
Rods (or 'effects) are the induced (i.e. soft iron) components of a vessel's magnetism.
157
What causes Coefficient B?
Coefficient B is caused by the fore and aft component of the vessel's magnetic field, including FORCE P and c-rod.
158
What is the purpose of the 'Flinders Bar' in compass correction?
The Flinders' Bar is used to correct c-rod, the vertical soft iron component through the vessel's fore and aft centerline.
159
What is Split B?
Split B is the process of separating Coefficient B into its hard (Force P) and soft (c-rod) iron components to correct for permanent magnetism at the equator.
160
How is Coefficient B corrected?
By correcting Force P (fore and aft magnetism) using permanent fore and aft magnetics and correcting c-rod with the Flinder's Bar.
161
What causes coefficient D?
Coefficient D is caused by horizontal induced athwartship magnetism from beams within the vessel's hull and is most apparent on inter-cardinals.
162
What is heeling error?
Heeling error is a change in deviation due to a vessel's heel, caused by Force R, k-rod, and e2-rod.
163
Why is coefficient E unlikely to be experienced on a conventional vessel?
Because it is only likely to be present on vessels where the compass is positioned off of the centreline.
164
How do you prepare for a compass swing?
Preparations include selecting a suitable area, calculating object, raising the flags Oscar Quebec, checking the compass magnets, ensuring the sea state is slight or less and verifying that the vessel is in an 'at sea' condition.
165
When can you use the tentative method of correction?
When deviation is less than 5 degrees.
166
In which order are the correctors (i.e. magnets) placed?
- Soft iron correctors (Flinder's bar and soft iron spheres).
- Permanent vertical correctors (heeling bucket).
- Permanent horizontal correctors (fore & aft and athwartships).
167
Which method of controlling a gyro changes the gyro's path from a circle to an ellipse?
Gravity control.
168
What size vessels should carry a gyro compass?
Vessels over 500gt on international voyages.
169
What is the difference between a gyroscope and a gyrocompass.
- A gyroscope is a heavy, free-spinning wheel which points at a fixed location in space but it can't be used for navigation (i.e. as a gyrocompass) until it has been controlled through precession and damping to make it point in the same direction.
170
Aside from the Bridge, where else must a gyro repeater be fitted?
In the Steering Gear Flat, for use when emergency steering.
171
Which factors will increase speed error?
- Higher vessel speed.
- Higher latitude.
- More northerly/southerly course.
172
What is lubber line error?
The error caused when the gyrocompass isn't perfectly aligned with the vessel's centreline.
173
How are modern gyro errors corrected?
Modern gyrocompasses typically have an input from the GNSS so that the gyrocompass knows the speed, latitude and course and can automatically make corrections. Older models may have manual inputs for key values.
174
How many rings of optical fibre are used to make a fibre-optic compass?
Three, one for each axis.
175
What are the carriage requirements for fibre-optic compasses?
There is no carriage requirement for fibre-optic compasses but SOLAS V R19 does permit them to be carried in lieu of gyro compasses.
176
When is the voltage induced in the two sensing coils the same?
When the fluxgate compass is aligned with the Earth's magnetic field.
177
How are fluxgate compasses used on large vessels?
To provide rate of turn data.
178
What is a standard fluxgate Compass?
- Consists of three small coils of wire, each wrapped around a block or iron and nickel alloy, arranged in a ring.
- One of the three coils has a voltage running through it and the other two are used as sensing coils.
179
what is it important to remember when it comes to a fluxgate compass?
If the fluxgate compass is outputting a compass, magnetic or true heading, so that you can make the necessary corrections.
180
Before using a pelorus to take a relative bearing, what two things must the OOW align?
The bearing plate with the ship's head.
181
What is the azimuth mirror used for?
To take bearings of the sun or other objects that are above the horizon.
182
What must an azimuth ring be fitted to before it can be used?
it must be fitted to the magnetic compass bowl or gyrocompass repeater.
183
Which speed log works by detecting the change in frequency of the returning signal?
A doppler log.
184
Which speed log work by measuring the voltage induced as seawater passes through an electromagnetic field?
An electromagnetic log.
185
Which type of speed log is commonly fitted to smaller vessels?
An impeller.
186
Do echo sounders transmit acoustic or electromagnetic pulses?
Echo sounder transmit an acoustic (sound) pulse.
187
How does an echo sounder work?
The echo sounder transmits a pulse and listens for the echo which returns. The time between transmission and return is divided by two and multiplied by the speed of sound in water to give the distance.
188
What is the speed of sound in water?
It varies due to a range of different factors but, for depth sounding purposes, we assume that it travels at 1500 metres per second.
189
What is a double Janus configuration?
When a speed log transmits pulses fore/aft and athwartships.
190
When an echo sounder is exhibiting second trace echoes, which trace should the OOW rely on?
The OOW should search from the seabed from the 'top down' to make sure that the weaker, true echo is not missed.
191
What can affect the accuracy of a doppler log?
Anything which interferes with the pulse (attenuation by air bubbles or marine growth on the transponder) or which affects its velocity (salinity, particle content and temperature of the water). Non- Janus doppler logs can also be affected by rolling, yawing and pitching errors.
192
What is Pythagoras error?
An error caused by the transmitting and receiving components of an echo sounder being in different places on the hull, although this should be corrected for on installation.
193
How can trim affect the accuracy of an echo sounder?
If a vessel with an echo sounder mounted near the bow is trimmed by the stern, the UKC given by the echo sounder will be more than the actual UKC because the stern is deeper in the water than the bow.
194
Which autopilot mode does not rely on a GNSS input?
Heading mode.
195
Which vessels should be fitted with an autopilot system?
Vessels over 10,000gt, although autopilots are commonly fitted on vessels of all sizes.
196
What are the risks of operating in course mode?
Although it is useful tool the OOW may lose situational awareness and become complacent if they are not monitoring the drift angle etc.
197
What is the difference between course mode and track mode?
Course mode uses a GNSS input to maintain a given course over the ground. Track mode takes this one step further and uses an ECDIS input to ensure that the vessel is proceeding along the planned track.
198
What is the drift angle?
The difference between the heading and the course over the ground, expressed in degrees.
199
If the OOW encounters a gyrocompass failure whilst using the autopilot, what is their first action?
Engage hand steering.
200
How do weather-related settings affect how an autopilot performs in adverse weather conditions?
They tell the autopilot to accept a certain degree of yawning without reacting, which minimises steering inputs in bad weather. This can result in better heading-keeping, prevent unnecessary wear and tear, and decrease fuel consumption.
201
How will GNSS failure affect a trackpilot?
Trackpilots use GNSS inputs to maintain a given course over the ground or to keep to a given track on the ECDIS. Without a GNSS input, it will be able to perform these functions and is likely to revert to heading control.
202
What should the OOW do if the speed log input fails?
They should switch to hand steering and then ensure that the autopilot has a correct manual speed input before engaging it again.
203
Before engaging hand steering, in which position should the helm be?
Amidships.
204
What is yawing?
An oscillation in direction or heading, either side of the desired value.
205
What should happen immediately after hand-steering is engaged?
The crewmember should apply a couple of degrees of helm each side to ensure that they have control and that the rudder is responding appropriately.
206
For how long prior to an incident is data required to be captured by a VDR?
The 'fixed' and 'float-free' storage units are required to preserve 48 hours of data from before the incident, whereas the 'long-term' storage unit is required to preserve 30 days of data.
207
When must the BNWAS be in operation?
Whenever the vessel is underway at sea regardless of the time of day.
208
where is the 'fixed' VDR storage unit required to be mounted?
The 'fixed' storage unit must be mounted securely to an external deck of the vessel, so that it can be recovered by divers or a ROV. A separate storage unit is required to float-free.
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How is the 'float-free' VDR storage unit meant to be located once it has detached from the vessel?
It must be capable of transmitting a locating signal, similar to that used by an EPIRB.
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Which vessels are required to be fitted with VDR?
All cargo vessels over 3000gt and all passenger vessels, irrespective of size.
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What is a VDR?
A Voyage Data Recorder. it is a recording system installed on vessels to collect and preserve operational and navigational investigation.
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What happens of the OOW fails to press the BNWAS button at the required interval?
If the OOW fails respond to the flashing light/buzzer on the Bridge, the BNWAS is required to transfer the alarm to the cabin of the Master or another Officer. If this fails to yield a response, it is required to transfer the alarm to the locations of further crewmembers, such as an all-Officer call or alarming in the crew mess.
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What emergency sources of power are available?
- Emergency generator.
- Accumulator batteries (UPS).
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How long should it take for the emergency generator to be online?
Not more than 45 seconds.
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On passenger vessels what is the minimum duration of emergency power?
36 hours
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