Care of a Toddler Flashcards
Birth weight triples
12 months
Birth length increases by 50%
12 months
Equal head and chest circumference
12 months
Teeth: upper and lower lateral incisors; total of six to eight
12 months
Each year the toddler gains 5 to 10 lb (2.26 to 4.53 kg) and about 3 inches (7.62 cm).
12 months
By 12 months, birth weight __________________
triples
By 12 months, birth length _________________
increases by 50%
By 12 months, head and chest circumference are ____________
equal
By 12 months, Teeth:
upper and lower lateral incisors; total of six to eight
By 12 months, each year the toddler gains ___________ lb (_____________ kg) and about ___ inches (______ cm).
5 to 10; 2.26 to 4.53; 3; 7.62
Growth rate begins to decrease
15 months
Weight 24 lb (11 kg)
15 months
Height: 31 inches (74.7 cm)
15 months
Capacity of urinary bladder increases
15 months
By 15 months, growth rate begins to __________________
decrease
By 15 months, weight is
24 lb (11 kg)
By 15 months, height is
31 inches (74.7 cm)
By 15 months, capacity of urinary bladder ___________
increases
Growth decreases
18 months
Appetite lessens (physiologic anorexia)
18 months
Anterior fontanel closes
18 months
Abdomen protrudes (larger than chest circumference)
18 months
Canine teeth begin to erupt, followed by molars at around 20 months
18 months
By 18 months, growth _______________
decreases
By 18 months, appetite ___________
lessens
By 18 months, ____________ closes
anterior fontannel
By 18 months, abdomen ___________ (larger than ______________)
protrudes; chest circumference
By 18 months, _____________begin to erupt, followed by ____________ at around _____________
canine teeth; molars; 20 months
Weight: about 26-28 lb (11-12 kg)
2 years
Height: about 32-33 inches (80-82 cm)
2 years
By 2 years, weight is
about 26-28 lb (11-12 kg)
By 2 years, height is
about 32-33 inches (80-82 cm)
Full set of 20 temporary teeth
30 months
Dental care should begin between 1 and 2 years of age
30 months
Decreased need for naps
30 months
By 30 months, full set of ______________________
20 temporary teeth
Dental care should begin between ________________
1 and 2 years of age
By 30 months, decreased need for ______
naps
Walks alone with wide-based gait
15 months
creeps up stairs
15 months
Builds tower of two blocks
15 months
throws objects and picks them up
15 months
Drinks from cup with spillage
15 months
uses spoon clumsily
15 months
Runs clumsily
18 months
climbs stairs or up on furniture
18 months
Imitates strokes in drawing
18 months
Drinks from cup
18 months
manages spoon
18 months
Builds tower of three to four cubes
18 months
Gross motor skills refined
2 years
Walks up and down stairs, one step at a time, holding onto rail
2 years
Builds tower of six to seven cubes
2 years
uses cubes to form a train
2 years
Walks on tiptoe
30 months
stands on one foot momentarily
30 months
Builds tower of eight blocks
30 months
Copies horizontal or vertical line
30 months
May attend to won toilet needs during day
30 months
May begin to hold crayons with fingers rather than fists
30 months
Begins to start to color within the lines of a picture
30 months
Develops eye accommodation
2 years
Visual Acuity 20/40
2 years
By 2 years, visual acuity is
20/40
Four—to six-word vocabulary
15 months
States name
15 months
Says “No” even while complying with request
15 months
10– or more word vocabulary
18 Months
Vocabulary: about 300 words
2 years
Uses two– or three-word phrases
2 years
Uses pronouns
2 years
Obeys simple commands
2 years
Makes simple choices when possible
2 years
Asserting independence, sometimes forcefully; parents should understand this is not willful misbehaving; punishment will confuse child
18 months to 3 years
Important for caregiver to balance opportunities to explore, offer encouraging environment in which failure is acceptable and not something to constantly avoid.
18 months to 3 years
Actively experiments to achieve new goals
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
Increased Object permanence
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
Distinguishes object from self
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
Early memory
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
Relationships: spatial, causal, temporal
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
Can enter a sequence in progress
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
Unlimited object permanence awareness
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
Infers cause while effect is occurring
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
More symbolic mimicry
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
Time understood through anticipation, memory, and being able to wait
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
Egocentric thought and action (unable to understand others’ perspectives)
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
belief that one part’s change changes the whole– related to a desire for ritualism so nothing is out of sequence or out of order
Global organization
Global organization
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
Language used as mental symbolizing
2 to 4 years
Increased sense of time, space, causality but poor concept of passing of time
2 to 4 years
Says “No” even while complying with request
15 months
New awareness of strangers
18 months
separation anxiety
18 months
Begins to have temper tantrums
18 months
Ritualistic; has favorite toy or blanket
18 months
Thumb sucking most prominent
18 months
Shows signs of increasing autonomy and individuality
2 years
Makes simple choices when possible
2 years
Remains ritualistic, especially at bedtime
2 years
Can help undress self and pull on simple clothes
2 years
Doesn’t share well
2 years
Caregiver/ parent can help child learn boundaries by teaching them to accept appropriate limits
2 years
Beginning to see self as separate individual from reflected appraisal of significant others
30 months
Sees other children as objects
30 months
Becomes increasingly independent, ritualistic and negativistic
30 months
Need for autonomy; respond well to choices not requiring a “yes” or “no
30 months
Erikson’s psychosocial developmental task for this age group (Todlerhood) is
autonomy (independence) while overcoming doubt and shame.
This behavior is so common that the stage is commonly referred to as the “terrible twos,” but it is just as often referred to as the “terrific twos” because of the toddler’s exciting language development, the exuberance with which he or she greets the world, and a newfound sense of accomplishment.
Toddlerhood
Balanced diet of table food vegetables, fruits and whole grains recommended
18 months
Toddlers become “picky” or “fussy” eaters with preferences and amount consumed varying widely
18 months
Colorful finger foods preferred
18 months
Ritualism: preference for same dish, cup, or spoon; preferences and amount consumed varying widely
18 months
May have rules about food touching, etc.
18 months
Most important integrative task for toddler
Toilet Training
an individualized task for each child. It should begin and be completed according to a child’s ability to accomplish it, not according to a set schedule
Toilet Training
play the most vital role in toilet training
Approach and attitude of parents
must be reached before toilet training is possible
Physical Maturation
Sphincter control:
adequate when child can walk
Urine retention:
at least 2 hours
Demonstration of readiness:
18-24 months
Usual age for bowel training:
22 to 30 months
Daytime bowel and bladder control:
usually after 2 years of age
Night control:
usually several months to years after achievement of daytime control
Psychologic Readiness:
- Aware of act of elimination
- Able to inform caregiver of need to urinate or defecate
- Desire to please parents
Process of Training
- Usually begins with bowel then bladder
- Potty chair helpful so feet touch floor
- Intermittent periods of urination and fecal soiling
- Regression when there is stress (eg, new sibling)
Parental Response
- Choose specific word for act
- Have specific time and place for elimination
- Treat occasional accidents in matter-of-fact manner
- Avoid punishing
Encourage parents to offer___________________________ or ______________________ rather than high carbohydrate items for snacks
fruit (bananas, pieces of apple, orange slices) or protein foods (cheese or pieces of chicken)
is especially important to the development of strong teeth and are good for snacks.
Calcium
Toward the end of the toddler period, they can begin to do the brushing themselves under supervision (almost all children need some supervision until about age ____).
8
Urge parents to schedule a first visit to a dentist skilled in pediatric dental care at _______________ of age for assessment of dentition
about 12 months
They will use only “their” spoon at mealtime, only “their” washcloth at bath time
Ritualism
As part of establishing their identities as separate individuals, toddlers typically go through a period of
extreme negativism
They do not want to do anything a parent wants them to do. Their reply to every request is a very definite “no.”
Negativism
It helps if parents say goodbye firmly, repeat the explanation they will be there when the child wakes in the morning, and then leave.
Separation Anxiety
occur as a natural consequence of toddlers’ development
Temper Tantrums
They occur because toddlers are independent enough to know what they want, but they do not have the vocabulary or the wisdom to express their feelings in a more socially acceptable way.
Temper Tantrums
means setting rules or road signs so children know what is expected of them.
Discipline
is a consequence that results from a breakdown in discipline, from the child’s disregard of the rules that were learned
Punishment
2 general rules to follow:
(a) parents need to be consistent and
(b) rules are learned best if correct behavior is praised rather than wrong behavior punished.
a technique to help children learn that actions have consequences.
Timeout
playing alongside, not with, other children; less emphasis on exploration using senses; imitation is distinguishing characteristic
Parallel Play
Dangers associated with toys:
- Breaks toy through exploration and ingests small pieces
- Ingests lead from lead based paint on toys
- Is potentially burned by flammable toys
Imitation and make-believe play begins by age
3 years
Suggested toys
- Play furniture, dishes, cooking utensils, telephone
- Puzzles with few large pieces
- pedal-propelled (eg, tricycle), straddle (eg, rocking horse)
- Pounding, push-pull, blocks
- Clay, crayons, finger paints
are the type of accidents that occurs most frequently in toddlers.
Accidental ingestions (poisoning)
