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Systems Phys 2022 > Cardiovascular System - Intro > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Right heart

Pulmonary Vessels

Left Heart

Elastic Arteries

Muscular Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venous vessels

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2
Q

Define: Right Heart

A

volume pump

delivers high volumes of blood at low pressures

supplies blood to lungs

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3
Q

Define: Pulmonary Vessels

A

Function in blood - gas exchange and serve as volume reservoirs

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4
Q

Define: Left Heart

A

pressure pump

the energy source for the circulatory system

supplies blood to whole body

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5
Q

Define: Elastic Arteries

A

(aorta, etc.)

their elastic behavior allows them to serve as a “surge pump”

Energy is stored in the elastic fibers during the contraction phase (systole) and is released during the relaxation phase (diastole)

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6
Q

Define: Muscular Arteries

A

function as low resistance conduits that rapidly deliver blood to the tissues

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7
Q

Define: Arterioles

A

Collectively termed “resistance vessels”

serve as variable resistors that regulate the flow of blood into capillary beds

high pressure → low volume

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8
Q

Define: Capillaries

A

One cell layer separates blood from tissue space

site of nutrient and waste exchange

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9
Q

Define: Venous Vessels

A

Serve as a volume reservoir

these vessels function in both the storage and mobilization of blood

Low pressure → high volume

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10
Q

What are the two circulations that make up the cardiovascular system?

A

Pulmonary Circulation

Systemic Circulation

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11
Q

Define: Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood flow through the lungs

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12
Q

Define: Systemic Circulation

A

Blood flow through all organs of the body except the lungs

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13
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid - papillary muscles; chordae tendinae

Pulmonic

Mitral - papillary muscles; chordae tendinae

Aortic Valve

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14
Q

What is the valve motion in?

A

Diastole vs. Systole

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15
Q

What determines Myocardial wall thickness?

A

Chamber pressures

angle of contractile fiber orientation

Epicardium vs. endocardium

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16
Q

What are the conduction pathways in the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Atrial Internodal pathways

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Common Bundle of His

Right and Left bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

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17
Q

What makes up the coronary vasculature?

A

Anatomical distribution

Structure of coronary artery wall

endothelial cell function

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18
Q

How does the Sympathetic Nervous system innervate the heart?

A

Cardiac sympathetic fibers originate in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord (T1 - T5)

preganglionic fibers can ascend to the stellate, superior, or middle cervical ganglion to synapse or they can synapse at the level of origin in the paravertabral ganglia

postganglionic sympathetic fibers are distributed to the cardiac chambers as an epicardial plexus

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19
Q

What is the distribution/function of postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the heart?

A

Fibers distributed to the left side primarily affect the fore of contraction of the heart (contractility)

Fibers distributed to the right side affect heart rate (SA node) more than force of contraction

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20
Q

What mediates the effect of sympathetic fibers on the heart?

A

Beta - adrenergic receptors

21
Q

How does the Parasympathetic nervous system innervate the heart?

A

preganglionic fibers are contained in the vagus nerve and synapse with postganglionic fibers within the heart

parasympathetic stimulation reduces force of contraction and heart rate

right vagus primarily innervates the SA node

left vagus primarily innervates the AV node

22
Q

Where does the right vagus innervate?

A

SA node

23
Q

Where does the left vagus innervate?

A

AV node

24
Q

The cardiac output of the right heart must ___ the cardiac output of the left heart

A

EQUAL

25
Q

What is the cardiovascular circuit?

A

pumps in series

resistance circuits in parallel

26
Q

What is the primary site of vascular resistance?

A

Arterioles

27
Q

Where is flow velocity most rapid?

A

at the root of the aorta

28
Q

Where is the flow velocity slowest?

A

in the capillaries

29
Q

What kind of cell lines the cardiovascular system?

A

endothelial cell

30
Q

What is the number 1 killer of adults in the USA?

A

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

31
Q

What heath issues (related to the cardiovascular system) can increase with age?

A

Prevalence of CVD

Prevalence of HBP

32
Q

If the left ventricular output is 60ml/beat and the right ventricular output is 0.1% greater, by how much would the pulmonary blood volume increase over 1 hr, if the heart rate is 75 beats/min?

A

60 X .001 = 0.06 X 75 = 4.5 ml X 60 = 270 ml/hr

33
Q

Why is it critical for the cardiac output of the left and right ventricles to be equal?

A

If they don’t pump equal volumes, blood can accumulate in the ventricles and cause pulmonary edema and other issues

34
Q

Define: Cardiac tamponade

A

Excess fluid in pericardium that build pressure against the heart

35
Q

Why does the left atrium have more muscle mass than the right atrium?

A

So it can generate a higher pressure when it contracts

36
Q

Define: Diastole

A

The filling phase

mitral and tricuspid valves are open

pulmonic valve is closed

37
Q

Define: Systole

A

The contractile phase

Mitral and Tricuspid Valves closed

Pulmonic vale open

38
Q

What is the average pressure of the right atrium?

A

3 mm Hg

39
Q

What is the average pressure of the right ventricle?

A

25 mm Hg

40
Q

What is the average pressure of the left atrium?

A

8 mmHg

41
Q

What is the average pressure of the left ventricle?

A

130 mmHg

42
Q

What is the average pressure of the pulmonary capillary wedge?

A

9 mm Hg

43
Q

What is the pulmonary capillary wedge?

A

measure of the left atrial pressure

44
Q

How is the pulmonary capillary wedge measured?

A

a catheter is inserted through the right atrium through to the pulmonary artery

45
Q

What does the Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF) do?

A

Releases nitric oxide and causes blood vessels to relax

46
Q

Where is total blood volume greatest in the cardiovascular system?

A

The venous side of the system

47
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)?

A

CO = Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)

48
Q

What does the resistance in the arterioles determine?

A

How much blood flow goes to a part of the body

Systems Phys 2022 (25 decks)

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