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Systems Phys 2022 > Autonomics > Flashcards

Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System broken down into?

A

Afferent and Efferent

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2
Q

What is the Efferent Nervous System broken down into?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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3
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System broken down into?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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4
Q

What receptor works in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Nicotinic receptors

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5
Q

How are the neurotransmitters released in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

ACh is released from the synapse of the preganglionic fiber
Norepinephrine is released from the target organ

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6
Q

Which nervous system has short preganglionic fibers?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

Which nervous system has long preganglionic fibers?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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8
Q

Which nervous system has long postganglionic fibers?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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9
Q

Which nervous system has short postganglionic fibers?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous system

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10
Q

The sympathetic nervous system can have two pathways. What is unusal about the second one (the more uncommon one/the exception)?

A

It does not use ganglionic fibers
It can directly innervate the adrenal medulla
The nicotinic receptors and ACh are directly in the Adrenal medulla, which releases epinephrine for the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

What kind of receptors are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic fiber -> Nicotinic receptor -> postganglionic fiber -> Muscarinic receptor

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12
Q

Where do the cell nuclei originate for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

In the brain stem and sacrum -> making it Cranial Sacral

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13
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranialsacral parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

What do sacral preganglionic fibers do?

A

stimulate the genital/urinary system

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15
Q

where do the cell nuclei in the sympathetic nervous system originae?

A

Thoracic nerves and lumbar nerves -> making it Thoracolumbar

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16
Q

Where do the lumbar nerves synapse at?

A

Celiac, Superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric

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17
Q

What is special about how the sympathetic nervous system synpases?

A

it can go up, down, or bypass the sympathetic chain

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18
Q

What is the sympathetic chain?

A

A chain of bundled nervous that run from the skull to the coccyx formed by the paravertebral ganglia

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19
Q

What are the general functions and characteristics of the Autonomic Nervous system?

A
  1. to preserve homeostasis and provoke reactions to protect the individual
  2. Afferent impulses from the viscera elicit reflex responses which generally cannot be controlled voluntarily
  3. Many fibers of the ANS are always active
  4. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems are generally antagonistic
  5. Activation of the sympathetic system is generally associated with defense mechanisms
  6. Activation of the Parasympathetic system is associated with conservative and restorative processes
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20
Q

What do afferent impulses from the viscera in the Autonomic Nervous system do?

A

They elicit reflex responses which generally cannot be controlled voluntarily

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21
Q

What do the fibers that are always active in the ANS do?

A

They maintain a basal tone in most organs

e.g.: a certain level of constriction of blood vessel by the sympathetic nervous system. A parasympathetic tone in the G.I. tract

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22
Q

What is the exception to the antagonistic nature of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Salivary glands, where both systems stimulate secretion

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23
Q

What defense mechanisms are involved in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

defense mechanisms involving the expenditure of energy, glycogenolysis, increased muscle tone, etc. (breathing , fight or flight)

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24
Q

What are examples of the conservative and restorative processes activation of the parasympathetic nervous system is associated with?

A

Decrease in blood pressure

decrease in body temperature

constricted airways

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25
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

ACh

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26
Q

What neurotransmitter used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

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27
Q

What is the target receptor in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Muscarinic Receptors

28
Q

What does norepinephrine do in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

It mediates transmission of nerve impulses from autonomic postganglionic nerves to effector organs

29
Q

What does ACh do in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

it’s release is involved in transmission of nerve impulses from the autonomic postganglionic nerves to the effector organs

30
Q

What does ACh do in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

it mediates all transmissions of nerve impulses across autonomic ganglia

31
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do?

A

It quickly breaks down and destroys ACh

32
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

the cells of effector organs

33
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

in all autonomic ganglia

34
Q

How is dopamine converted to NE?

A
  1. Tyrosine hydrolyzes to Dopa
  2. Dopa is converted to Dopamine
  3. Dopamine is converted to NE
35
Q

Where is the alpha2 receptor?

A

On the postganglionic fiber

36
Q

What do DOMA, NMN, MOPEG, and VMA have in common?

A

They are all ways to metabolize NE

They break it down

37
Q

What role does alpha2 have?

A

it takes NE back into the cell

38
Q

What is the target tissue of the α1 receptor?

A

Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, and splanchnic

Gastrointestinal tract, sphincters Bladder, sphincter radial muscle, iris

39
Q

What is the target tissue of the α1 receptor?

A

Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, and splanchnic

Gastrointestinal tract, sphincters

Bladder, sphincter

radial muscle, iris

40
Q

What is the target tissue of the α2 receptor?

A

GI tract, wall

Presynaptic adrenergic neurons

41
Q

What is the target tissue of the β1 receptor?

A

Heart

Salivary glands

Adipose tissue

Kidney

42
Q

What is the target tissue of the β2 receptor?

A

Vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle

GI tract, wall

Bladder, wall

Bronchioles

43
Q

What is the target tissue of the nicotinic receptor?

A

Skeletal muscle, motor end plate

Postganglionic neurons, SNS and PNS

Adrenal Medulla

44
Q

What is the target tissue of the muscarinic receptor?

A

All effector organs, PNS

Sweat glands, SNS

45
Q

What are the adrenoreceptors?

A
  • α1
  • α2
  • β1
  • β2
46
Q

What are the cholinoreceptors?

A
  • Nicotinic
  • Muscarinic
47
Q

What are the agonists of the α2 receptor?

A

Clonidine

48
Q

What are the antagonists of the α2 receptor?

A

Yohimbine

49
Q

What does the β1 receptor do to the heart in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

It increases heart rate by increasing AV nodal conduction, contractility, and the SA node

50
Q

What does the β2 receptor do to the bronchioles in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

it dilates the airways

51
Q

What does the β2 receptor do to the bladder in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

it relaxes the detrusor muscle in the wall and keeps you from being able to pee

52
Q

What does the α1 receptor do to the bladder in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

it contracts the sphincter and keeps you from peeing

53
Q

What does the α receptor do to the male genitalia in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

it causes ejaculation

54
Q

What does the α1 receptor do to the eye in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

it dilates the pupil (mydriasis) (effects the radial muscle, iris)

55
Q

What does the β receptor do to the eye in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

It dilates the ciliary muscle and affects far vision

56
Q

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the skin in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

It increases thermoregulatory in sweat glands

57
Q

What does the α1 receptor do to the skin in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

It increases stress in the sweat glands and contracts the Pilomotor muscle and causes goose bumps

58
Q

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the heart in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

it decreases heart rate by decreasing contractility, AV nodal conduction, and SA node heart rate.

59
Q

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the bronchioles in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

It constricts the airways

60
Q

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the bladder in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

it contracts the wall, detrusor muscle and relaxes the sphincter allowing you to pee

61
Q

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the male genitalia in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

it causes erection

62
Q

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the Eye in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

It constricts pupil (miosis) in the radial muscle in the iris and contracts the ciliary muscle affecting near vision

63
Q

What would happen if the Muscarinic receptor was blocked in the bladder?

A

you would not be able to pee

64
Q

If a medicine was given that blocked the he β receptor in the heart, what would happen?

A

heart rate would decrease

65
Q

If a medicine was injected into the penis that blocked the alpha receptor, what would happen?

A

Ejaculation would be prevented.

66
Q

If a patient was given a drug that stimulated the β1 receptor, what would happen in the heart?

A

Heart rate would increase

67
Q

If a patient was given a drug that blocks the Muscarinic receptor, what would happen in the bronchioles?

A

the airways would be unable to constrict

Systems Phys 2022 (25 decks)

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