Autonomics

Question 1

What is the Peripheral Nervous System broken down into?

Answer 1

Afferent and Efferent

Question 2

What is the Efferent Nervous System broken down into?

Answer 2

Somatic and Autonomic

Question 3

What is the Autonomic Nervous System broken down into?

Answer 3

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 4

What receptor works in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 4

Nicotinic receptors

Question 5

How are the neurotransmitters released in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 5

ACh is released from the synapse of the preganglionic fiber
Norepinephrine is released from the target organ

Question 6

Which nervous system has short preganglionic fibers?

Answer 6

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Which nervous system has long preganglionic fibers?

Answer 7

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 8

Which nervous system has long postganglionic fibers?

Answer 8

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 9

Which nervous system has short postganglionic fibers?

Answer 9

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Question 10

The sympathetic nervous system can have two pathways. What is unusal about the second one (the more uncommon one/the exception)?

Answer 10

It does not use ganglionic fibers
It can directly innervate the adrenal medulla
The nicotinic receptors and ACh are directly in the Adrenal medulla, which releases epinephrine for the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 11

What kind of receptors are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 11

Preganglionic fiber -> Nicotinic receptor -> postganglionic fiber -> Muscarinic receptor

Question 12

Where do the cell nuclei originate for the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 12

In the brain stem and sacrum -> making it Cranial Sacral

Question 13

What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 13

Cranialsacral parasympathetic nervous system

Question 14

What do sacral preganglionic fibers do?

Answer 14

stimulate the genital/urinary system

Question 15

where do the cell nuclei in the sympathetic nervous system originae?

Answer 15

Thoracic nerves and lumbar nerves -> making it Thoracolumbar

Question 16

Where do the lumbar nerves synapse at?

Answer 16

Celiac, Superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric

Question 17

What is special about how the sympathetic nervous system synpases?

Answer 17

it can go up, down, or bypass the sympathetic chain

Question 18

What is the sympathetic chain?

Answer 18

A chain of bundled nervous that run from the skull to the coccyx formed by the paravertebral ganglia

Question 19

What are the general functions and characteristics of the Autonomic Nervous system?

Answer 19

1. to preserve homeostasis and provoke reactions to protect the individual
2. Afferent impulses from the viscera elicit reflex responses which generally cannot be controlled voluntarily
3. Many fibers of the ANS are always active
4. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems are generally antagonistic
5. Activation of the sympathetic system is generally associated with defense mechanisms
6. Activation of the Parasympathetic system is associated with conservative and restorative processes

Question 20

What do afferent impulses from the viscera in the Autonomic Nervous system do?

Answer 20

They elicit reflex responses which generally cannot be controlled voluntarily

Question 21

What do the fibers that are always active in the ANS do?

Answer 21

They maintain a basal tone in most organs

e.g.: a certain level of constriction of blood vessel by the sympathetic nervous system. A parasympathetic tone in the G.I. tract

Question 22

What is the exception to the antagonistic nature of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 22

Salivary glands, where both systems stimulate secretion

Question 23

What defense mechanisms are involved in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 23

defense mechanisms involving the expenditure of energy, glycogenolysis, increased muscle tone, etc. (breathing , fight or flight)

Question 24

What are examples of the conservative and restorative processes activation of the parasympathetic nervous system is associated with?

Answer 24

Decrease in blood pressure

decrease in body temperature

constricted airways

Question 25

What is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 25

ACh

Question 26

What neurotransmitter used in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 26

Norepinephrine

Question 27

What is the target receptor in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 27

Muscarinic Receptors

Question 28

What does norepinephrine do in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 28

It mediates transmission of nerve impulses from autonomic postganglionic nerves to effector organs

Question 29

What does ACh do in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 29

it's release is involved in transmission of nerve impulses from the autonomic postganglionic nerves to the effector organs

Question 30

What does ACh do in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 30

it mediates all transmissions of nerve impulses across autonomic ganglia

Question 31

What does acetylcholinesterase do?

Answer 31

It quickly breaks down and destroys ACh

Question 32

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

Answer 32

the cells of effector organs

Question 33

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

Answer 33

in all autonomic ganglia

Question 34

How is dopamine converted to NE?

Answer 34

1. Tyrosine hydrolyzes to Dopa 2. Dopa is converted to Dopamine 3. Dopamine is converted to NE

Question 35

Where is the alpha₂ receptor?

Answer 35

On the postganglionic fiber

Question 36

What do DOMA, NMN, MOPEG, and VMA have in common?

Answer 36

They are all ways to metabolize NE They break it down

Question 37

What role does alpha₂ have?

Answer 37

it takes NE back into the cell

Question 38

What is the target tissue of the α₁ receptor?

Answer 38

Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, and splanchnic Gastrointestinal tract, sphincters Bladder, sphincter radial muscle, iris

Question 39

What is the target tissue of the α₁ receptor?

Answer 39

Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, and splanchnic Gastrointestinal tract, sphincters Bladder, sphincter radial muscle, iris

Question 40

What is the target tissue of the α₂ receptor?

Answer 40

GI tract, wall Presynaptic adrenergic neurons

Question 41

What is the target tissue of the β₁ receptor?

Answer 41

Heart Salivary glands Adipose tissue Kidney

Question 42

What is the target tissue of the β₂ receptor?

Answer 42

Vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle GI tract, wall Bladder, wall Bronchioles

Question 43

What is the target tissue of the nicotinic receptor?

Answer 43

Skeletal muscle, motor end plate Postganglionic neurons, SNS and PNS Adrenal Medulla

Question 44

What is the target tissue of the muscarinic receptor?

Answer 44

All effector organs, PNS Sweat glands, SNS

Question 45

What are the adrenoreceptors?

Answer 45

* α₁ * α₂ * β₁ * β₂

Question 46

What are the cholinoreceptors?

Answer 46

* Nicotinic * Muscarinic

Question 47

What are the agonists of the α₂ receptor?

Answer 47

Clonidine

Question 48

What are the antagonists of the α₂ receptor?

Answer 48

Yohimbine

Question 49

What does the β₁ receptor do to the heart in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 49

It increases heart rate by increasing AV nodal conduction, contractility, and the SA node

Question 50

What does the β₂ receptor do to the bronchioles in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 50

it dilates the airways

Question 51

What does the β₂ receptor do to the bladder in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 51

it relaxes the detrusor muscle in the wall and keeps you from being able to pee

Question 52

What does the α₁ receptor do to the bladder in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 52

it contracts the sphincter and keeps you from peeing

Question 53

What does the α receptor do to the male genitalia in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 53

it causes ejaculation

Question 54

What does the α₁ receptor do to the eye in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 54

it dilates the pupil (mydriasis) (effects the radial muscle, iris)

Question 55

What does the β receptor do to the eye in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 55

It dilates the ciliary muscle and affects far vision

Question 56

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the skin in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 56

It increases thermoregulatory in sweat glands

Question 57

What does the α₁ receptor do to the skin in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 57

It increases stress in the sweat glands and contracts the Pilomotor muscle and causes goose bumps

Question 58

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the heart in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 58

it decreases heart rate by decreasing contractility, AV nodal conduction, and SA node heart rate.

Question 59

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the bronchioles in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 59

It constricts the airways

Question 60

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the bladder in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 60

it contracts the wall, detrusor muscle and relaxes the sphincter allowing you to pee

Question 61

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the male genitalia in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 61

it causes erection

Question 62

What does the Muscarinic receptor do to the Eye in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 62

It constricts pupil (miosis) in the radial muscle in the iris and contracts the ciliary muscle affecting near vision

Question 63

What would happen if the Muscarinic receptor was blocked in the bladder?

Answer 63

you would not be able to pee

Question 64

If a medicine was given that blocked the he β receptor in the heart, what would happen?

Answer 64

heart rate would decrease

Question 65

If a medicine was injected into the penis that blocked the alpha receptor, what would happen?

Answer 65

Ejaculation would be prevented.

Question 66

If a patient was given a drug that stimulated the β₁ receptor, what would happen in the heart?

Answer 66

Heart rate would increase

Question 67

If a patient was given a drug that blocks the Muscarinic receptor, what would happen in the bronchioles?

Answer 67

the airways would be unable to constrict