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Organisation of the human body > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Tunica externa what tissue layer of arteries and veins?

A

Outer

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2
Q

Tunica media what tissue layer of arteries and veins?

A

Middle

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3
Q

Tunica intima what tissue layer of arteries and veins?

A

Inner

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4
Q

The middle layer is a thicker layer with smooth muscle and allows for arteries to constrict and dilate as needed. What is it called?

A

Tunica Media

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5
Q

The inner layer is made up of endothelial cells, what is it called?

A

Tunica Intima

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6
Q

In addition to the three layers of tissue, veins also have what to prevent the backflow of blood?

A

Valves

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7
Q

The arterial wall is thicker than the venous wall. True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

The tunica media is thicker, with more smooth muscle in arteries. True or False?

A

True

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9
Q

Arteries don’t have elastic fibers, allowing for recoil, allowing arteries to withstand pressure changes. True or False?

A

False - Arteries do have elastic fibers

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10
Q

Arteries have valves. True or False?

A

False

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11
Q

Arterioles and venules connect arteries and veins to capillary beds to allow exchange. True or False?

A

True

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12
Q

Smaller arterial and venous blood vessels are called what?

A

Arterioles and venules

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13
Q

Small vessels allowing exchange are called what?

A

Capillaries

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14
Q

What consists of an endothelial lining and basement membrane?

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

Capillaries allow for nutrients and oxygen to move into tissues and waste products and CO2 to move from tissues into capillaries. True or False?

A

True

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16
Q

What are the two types of capillaries?

A

Continuous and Fenestrated

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17
Q

This type of capillary have a complete endothelium allowing diffusion and preventing loss of blood and plasma proteins?

A

Continuous capillaries

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18
Q

This type of capillary contains pores which allow for faster exchange of larger molecules and are found in the brain, endocrine, orgnas, intestine and kidneys?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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19
Q

What does systole mean?

A

Contraction

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20
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

Relaxation

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21
Q

The atria contracts forcing blood from the atria to the ventricles, through the AV valves. What is this called?

A

Atrial systole

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22
Q

What starts in the peak of the P wave?

A

Atrial systole

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23
Q

Contraction stops and the cardiac muscle of the atria relax. What is this called?

A

Atrial diastole

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24
Q

This occurs simultaneously with atrial diastole. What is this called?

A

Ventricular systole

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25
Q

Cardiac muslce in the ventricles contract, increasing pressure which closes the AV Valves. Once pressure is high enough, the pulmonary and aortic valves open and eject blood from the heart to the lungs and body. What is this called?

A

Ventricular systole

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26
Q

What starts with the peak of the QRS Complex?

A

Ventricular systole

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27
Q

Ventricles relax, while the atria are also relaxed, all heart valves are closed and ventricular pressure drops. What is this called?

A

Ventricular diastole

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28
Q

Once ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure, the ventricules begin to fill passively. This is called what?

A

Ventricular diastole

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29
Q

Created by the AV Valves, mitral and tricuspid snapping closed, what is this heart sound named?

A

S1 - ‘lub’ sound

30
Q

Created by the semi-lunar valves, pulmonary and aortic snapping closed, what is this heart sound named?

A

S2 - ‘dub’ sound

31
Q

This heart sound is usually faint and inaudible and is created by blood flowing into ventricles. This sound can also be heard during congestive heart failure, and if there is an enlarged left ventricular chamber. What is it named?

A

S3 sound

32
Q

This sound is usually faint and inaudible and is the sound of atrial contraction, what is it named?

A

S4 sound

33
Q

What is the term of the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole?

A

End - diastolic volume (EDV)

34
Q

What is the term of the residual volume left in the ventricles at the end of the venticular systole?

A

End - systolic volume (ESV)

35
Q

What is the term of the volume of blood ejected from the heart during each cardiac cycle?

A

Stroke volume (SV)

36
Q

SV/EDV (%) is called what?

A

Ejection fraction

37
Q

Volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute (mL/min) is called what?

A

Cardiac output

38
Q

Heart rate (beats/min) x SV (mL/beat) is called what?

A

Cardiac output

39
Q

What type of nervous sytem stimulation increases the heart rate and stroke volume?

A

Sympathetic

40
Q

What type of nervous system stimulation decreases the heart rate and cardiac output

A

Parasympathetic

41
Q

An increase in venous return increases or decreases cardiac output?

A

Increases

42
Q

What is responsible for distributing electical impulses through the heart?

A

Conducting system

43
Q

what controls the contraction of the heart?

A

Conducting system

44
Q

The conducting system starts with an action potential in what node?

A

Sinoatrial (SA)

45
Q

What are cells of the SA node called?

A

Pacemaker cells

46
Q

Pacemaker cells have a stable or unstable resting potential?

A

unstable

47
Q

Can pacemaker cells spontaneously generate cardiac action potentials?

A

Yes

48
Q

The signal generated by pacemaker cells in the SA node travels by the internodal pathway to what node?

A

Atrioventricular (AV)

49
Q

When the signal generated by pacemaker cells arrive at the AV node, what happens?

A

Atria contracts

50
Q

The signal generated by pacemaker cells continues from the AV node through the AV Bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibres. What happens?

A

Ventricles contract

51
Q

What are the two circuits that make up the CVS sytem?

A

Systemic and Pulmonary

52
Q

Which CVS circuit provides blood to the tissues around the body?

A

Systemic

53
Q

Which CVS circuit provides blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated?

A

Pulmonary

54
Q

What are afferent blood vessels?

A

vessels that return blood to the heart

55
Q

What are efferent blood vessels?

A

vessel that take blood away from the heart

56
Q

The epicardium is what layer of the heart?

A

Outermost layer

57
Q

The myocardium is what layer of the heart?

A

Middle layer

58
Q

The endocardium is what layer of the heart?

A

Inner lining of heart wall

59
Q

What are cardiomyocytes?

A

Cardiac muscle cells

60
Q

Cardiomyocytes are contractile cells that are branched, and contain a single nucleus per cell. True or False?

A

True

61
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells joined by?

A

Intercalated discs

62
Q

Blood flow enters heart through what?

A

Superior and Inferior vena cava

63
Q

Blood flows from the vena cava to what?

A

Right Atrium

64
Q

Blood flows from the right atrium to what?

A

Tricuspid Valve

65
Q

Blood flows from the ticuspid valve to what?

A

Right ventricle

66
Q

Blood flows from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, lung capillaries and through the pulmonary vein to where?

A

Left atrium

67
Q

Blood flows from the left atrium through the mitral valve, to the left ventricle and finally through where to travel to all parts of the body?

A

Aorta

68
Q

What wave of an ECG represents depolarization of the SA node and the impulse spreading through the atria so the atria contracts?

A

P wave

69
Q

What wave of an ECG represents ventricular depolarization, sending the signal across the AV node, to the AV bundle, then to the purkinje fibres?

A

QRS complex

70
Q

What represents ventricular repolarization, the recovery of ventricles following contraction?

A

T Wave

Organisation of the human body (15 decks)

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