Blood

Question 1

What makes up 37 - 54% of total blood volume?

Answer 1

Formed elements

Question 2

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 2

Red blood cells

Question 3

RBC are thin, bi-concave cells. True or False?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The most abundent cell found in the blood is called what?

Answer 4

Red blood cell

Question 5

What cell binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is exchanged for the waste product, carbon dioxide?

Answer 5

Red blood cell

Question 6

What is the name of the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by red blood cells?

Answer 6

Haematocrit

Question 7

What are fragments of cells found suspended in plasma?

Answer 7

Platelets

Question 8

What key role do platelets have?

Answer 8

blood clotting

Question 9

What are leukocytes?

Answer 9

White blood cells

Question 10

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

Answer 10

defense

Question 11

There are several types of white blood cells, each with specialized functions?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is a clear yellow fluid, comprised mainly of water (91.5%) ?

Answer 12

Plasma

Question 13

The majority of substances found in the blood are what transported within the plasma?

Answer 13

Proteins

Question 14

What are albumins, fibrinogens, globulins and enzymes?

Answer 14

Proteins transported within plasma

Question 15

Nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases, organic waste products and hormones can be transported in what?

Answer 15

Plasma

Question 16

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 16

The production of red blood cells

Question 17

In adults, where are new red blood cells produced?

Answer 17

Red bone marrow

Question 18

Haemocytoblasts are what?

Answer 18

Multipotent stem cells that produce red blood cells

Question 19

These stem cells are derived from multipotent stem cells and differentiate into erthroblasts?

Answer 19

Myeloid

Question 20

What is the earliest distinguishable red blood cell precursor?

Answer 20

Proerythroblast

Question 21

What is the last stage of red blood cell with a nucleus that disintegrates?

Answer 21

Erythroblast (normoblast)

Question 22

What contains fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum and is usually found in bone marrow, with a small amount in circulation?

Answer 22

Reticulocyte

Question 23

A hormone that is produced in the kidneys which stimulates an increase in red blood cell production and is produced when the body is in a stage of hypoxia, or lack of oxygen?

Answer 23

Erythropoietin

Question 24

Red blood cells circulate for how many days?

Answer 24

120

Question 25

When membranes of RBC begin to disintegrate, damaged cells are removed by what?

Answer 25

Macrophages

Question 26

What happens to iron at the end stage of the RBC life cycle?

Answer 26

Returns to red bone marrow or is stored in the liver

Question 27

What happens to haemoglobin at the end stage of the RBC life cycle? Hint: Haem, globin, bile

Answer 27

``` Haem = converts to bilirubin by macrophages Globin = the protein portion is digested to be used for synthesis of new proteins Bile = is secreted into the small intestine and eliminated through faeces ```

Question 28

Why are RBC bi-concave in shape?

Answer 28

increases surface area to carry more oxygen

Question 29

Do RBC have a nucleus?

Answer 29

No

Question 30

What consists of the protein globin?

Answer 30

Haemoglobin

Question 31

How many oxygen molecules does each haemoglobin bind to?

Answer 31

4 (one bound to each iron)

Question 32

What part of the blood makes it bright red when exposed to oxygen?

Answer 32

Haemoglobin

Question 33

What are the 3 types of Antigens?

Answer 33

A, B or Rh

Question 34

What are the two major blood groups?

Answer 34

ABO group and Rh group

Question 35

Type A blood express what type of antigens?

Answer 35

Type A

Question 36

Type B blood express what type of antigens?

Answer 36

Type B

Question 37

Type AB blood express what type of antigens?

Answer 37

Type A and B

Question 38

Type O blood express what type of antigens?

Answer 38

Neither A or B

Question 39

What are agglutinins?

Answer 39

Antibodies

Question 40

What antibodies are produced in Type A blood?

Answer 40

Anti-B

Question 41

What antibodies are produced in Type B blood?

Answer 41

Anti-A

Question 42

What antibodies are produced in Type AB blood?

Answer 42

No antibodies produced

Question 43

What antibodies are produced in Type O blood?

Answer 43

Both anti-A and anti-B are produced

Question 44

Individuals who display Rh antigen on their RBC membranes are Rh positive or negetive?

Answer 44

Positive

Question 45

Individuals who lack Rh antigen on their RBC membranes are Rh positive or negetive?

Answer 45

Negetive

Question 46

What are the phases of haemostasis?

Answer 46

1. Vascular phase 2. Platelet phase 3. Blood clotting

Question 47

In what phase of haemostasis is there contraction of smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall, constricting the vessel?

Answer 47

Vascular

Question 48

What haemostasis phase immediately slows blood loss and is triggered by neural reflexes and chemicals from activated platelets?

Answer 48

Vascular

Question 49

What does it mean by aggregration of platelets and what phase of haemostasis is it?

Answer 49

The temporary seal is created by platelets, found in platelet phase.

Question 50

What are the stages of the platelet phase?

Answer 50

1. Adhesion 2. Platelet release reaction 3. Aggregation

Question 51

Blood cells trapped within a mesh of protein fibrin threads are what?

Answer 51

Blood clot

Question 52

What are the two pathways that activate clotting?

Answer 52

Intrinsic and extrinsic