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Organisation of the human body > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up 37 - 54% of total blood volume?

A

Formed elements

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2
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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3
Q

RBC are thin, bi-concave cells. True or False?

A

True

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4
Q

The most abundent cell found in the blood is called what?

A

Red blood cell

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5
Q

What cell binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is exchanged for the waste product, carbon dioxide?

A

Red blood cell

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6
Q

What is the name of the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by red blood cells?

A

Haematocrit

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7
Q

What are fragments of cells found suspended in plasma?

A

Platelets

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8
Q

What key role do platelets have?

A

blood clotting

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9
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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10
Q

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

A

defense

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11
Q

There are several types of white blood cells, each with specialized functions?

A

True

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12
Q

What is a clear yellow fluid, comprised mainly of water (91.5%) ?

A

Plasma

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13
Q

The majority of substances found in the blood are what transported within the plasma?

A

Proteins

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14
Q

What are albumins, fibrinogens, globulins and enzymes?

A

Proteins transported within plasma

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15
Q

Nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases, organic waste products and hormones can be transported in what?

A

Plasma

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16
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The production of red blood cells

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17
Q

In adults, where are new red blood cells produced?

A

Red bone marrow

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18
Q

Haemocytoblasts are what?

A

Multipotent stem cells that produce red blood cells

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19
Q

These stem cells are derived from multipotent stem cells and differentiate into erthroblasts?

A

Myeloid

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20
Q

What is the earliest distinguishable red blood cell precursor?

A

Proerythroblast

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21
Q

What is the last stage of red blood cell with a nucleus that disintegrates?

A

Erythroblast (normoblast)

22
Q

What contains fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum and is usually found in bone marrow, with a small amount in circulation?

A

Reticulocyte

23
Q

A hormone that is produced in the kidneys which stimulates an increase in red blood cell production and is produced when the body is in a stage of hypoxia, or lack of oxygen?

A

Erythropoietin

24
Q

Red blood cells circulate for how many days?

A

120

25
Q

When membranes of RBC begin to disintegrate, damaged cells are removed by what?

A

Macrophages

26
Q

What happens to iron at the end stage of the RBC life cycle?

A

Returns to red bone marrow or is stored in the liver

27
Q

What happens to haemoglobin at the end stage of the RBC life cycle?
Hint:
Haem, globin, bile

A 
Haem = converts to bilirubin by macrophages
Globin = the protein portion is digested to be used for synthesis of new proteins
Bile = is secreted into the small intestine and eliminated through faeces
28
Q

Why are RBC bi-concave in shape?

A

increases surface area to carry more oxygen

29
Q

Do RBC have a nucleus?

A

No

30
Q

What consists of the protein globin?

A

Haemoglobin

31
Q

How many oxygen molecules does each haemoglobin bind to?

A

4 (one bound to each iron)

32
Q

What part of the blood makes it bright red when exposed to oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

33
Q

What are the 3 types of Antigens?

A

A, B or Rh

34
Q

What are the two major blood groups?

A

ABO group and Rh group

35
Q

Type A blood express what type of antigens?

A

Type A

36
Q

Type B blood express what type of antigens?

A

Type B

37
Q

Type AB blood express what type of antigens?

A

Type A and B

38
Q

Type O blood express what type of antigens?

A

Neither A or B

39
Q

What are agglutinins?

A

Antibodies

40
Q

What antibodies are produced in Type A blood?

A

Anti-B

41
Q

What antibodies are produced in Type B blood?

A

Anti-A

42
Q

What antibodies are produced in Type AB blood?

A

No antibodies produced

43
Q

What antibodies are produced in Type O blood?

A

Both anti-A and anti-B are produced

44
Q

Individuals who display Rh antigen on their RBC membranes are Rh positive or negetive?

A

Positive

45
Q

Individuals who lack Rh antigen on their RBC membranes are Rh positive or negetive?

A

Negetive

46
Q

What are the phases of haemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Blood clotting
47
Q

In what phase of haemostasis is there contraction of smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall, constricting the vessel?

A

Vascular

48
Q

What haemostasis phase immediately slows blood loss and is triggered by neural reflexes and chemicals from activated platelets?

A

Vascular

49
Q

What does it mean by aggregration of platelets and what phase of haemostasis is it?

A

The temporary seal is created by platelets, found in platelet phase.

50
Q

What are the stages of the platelet phase?

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Platelet release reaction
  3. Aggregation
51
Q

Blood cells trapped within a mesh of protein fibrin threads are what?

A

Blood clot

52
Q

What are the two pathways that activate clotting?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

Organisation of the human body (15 decks)

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