Cardiovascular Physiology and Training Flashcards
Cardiac Output
amount of blood pumped by heart in liters per minute.
Stroke Volume
Amount of blood pumped in one beat
What are the main functions of the cardio system during exercise?
- Deliver oxygen and nutrients to working muscles
2. Remove waste and metabolites
Heart Rate
how fast the heart is pumping
end- diastole volume
blood that can be pumped by the left ventricle at the end of the filling phase
venous return
blood that returns to the heart
frank-starling mechanism
the length that fibers of the heart are stretched in related to the amount of force they produce during contraction. RUBBER BAND- the further they’re stretched the harder they produce force.
ejection fraction
the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is sent out from the heart
maximal heart rate
the fastest your heart can beat.
220-age
oxygen uptake
how much oxygen the body’s tissue use. AKA Vo2
1 met = 3.5
maximal oxygen uptake
the most oxygen you can use at the cellular level.
VO2 Max
Metabolic Equivalent (MET)
The amount of oxygen a body consumes at rest for the average person.
standardized unit of measurement, 3.5 ml of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute.
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference
the difference between the amount of oxygen arterial an venous blood
systolic blood pressure
the amount of pressure exerted against arterial walls when blood is forcefully sent out. Contracting.
systole
ventricular contraction. pumping blood from the ventricles into the arteries.
Rate pressure product
heart rate X blood pressure = product
an estimate of the workload on the heart. heartrate x systolic blood pressure AKA double product
diastolic blood pressure
the pressure exerted against the arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully sent out. filling.
diastole
ventricular relaxation to allow heart to fill up with blood
mean arterial pressure
the average amount of pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle.
((SYS-DIA)/3)+ DIA=MAP
vasoconstriction
the constriction of blood vessels. increases blood pressure.
AKA vasodilation
acute aerobic exercises __a_____ the amount of blood that flows through the rest of the body and ___b___ the amount of blood supplied to skeletal muscle
a. decreases
b. increases
diffusion
the movement of molecules across a cell membrane. from high to low concentrations.
oxygen is carried in the blood by what?
hemoglobin
the body responds to the increased oxygen demands at higher altitudes by first increasing ___a___ at rest and during exercise and then by increasing ____b____ volume
a. breathing
b. tidal volume
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
cause stroke volume to increase by having a more forceful ventricular contraction and more emptying
Cardio cycle
unoxygenated blood goes through inferior vena cava through tricuspid valve to the right atrium down to the right ventricle then through the pulmonary artery away from the heart to the pulomary veins into the lungs.
then back to the heart through left atrium down bicuspid valve to the left ventricle.
SA Node
pacemaker of the heart
starts the heartbeat
AV Node
communicated by sa node and communicates to av bundle
purkinje fibers
spreads signal out across ventricles for a big forceful contraction
cardiac output equation
cardiac output (q)= stroke volume X heart rate
resting cardiac output in l/min
5 l/min
aerobic training
- increases stroke volume
- which increases cardiac output
- which increases amount of blood pumped to muscles per minute
heart rate reserve equation
max heart rate- resting heart rate
karvonen method equation
resting hr + (training % X heart rate reserve)
a-vo2 equation
arterial - venous oxygen supply
aka: how much oxygen the muscles use up
how does aerobic training affect mitochindrial density?
increases density.
type 1 fiber hypertrophy but no net hypertrophy.
same size muscle, more dense mitochondria and increased amount
how does resistance training affect mitochondrial density?
decreases
same amount of mitochondria. net hypertrophy.
what does not adapt to aerobic training?
- respiratory capacity
- muscle hypertrophy
- max heart rate
the right ventricle pumps into the _____
lungs
the left ventricle pumps into the ______
Rest of body
the arterial system carries blood _______ the heart
away
the venous system carries blood ______ the heart
toward
what facilitates carbon dioxide removal?
red blood cells
what serves as an acid base buffer and transports oxygen in the blood?
hemoglobin
