Anatomy and Physiology CSCS Flashcards
1
Q
Muscle force and resistance are on opposite sides of the fulcrum
A
1st class lever
2
Q
triceps pushdowns are considered this type of lever
A
1st class lever
3
Q
the moment arm of the force is LONGER than the moment arm of the resistance. Rare.
A
2nd class lever
4
Q
an example of this lever is a calf raise
A
2nd class lever
5
Q
this lever class is a mechanical advantage
A
2nd class lever
6
Q
the moment arm of the muscle is SHORTER than the moment arm of the resistance
A
3rd class lever
7
Q
this lever is a mechanical disadvantage for the muscle
A
3rd class lever
8
Q
examples of this lever are the bicep curl, leg extension, and most muscles
A
3rd class lever
9
Q
internally generated force
A
muscle force
10
Q
externally generated force
A
resistive force
11
Q
work
A
force x displacement
12
Q
power
A
work/time
13
Q
impulse
A
change in momentum
14
Q
motor unit firing rate
A
rate coding
15
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ season includes: more max strength great base after hypertrophy drive type 2 motor unit activation foundation for power training
A
preseason
16
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ season includes: more speed/power neurophysiological adaptation transient gains (breif) most sport specific
A
in season
17
Q
muscle hypertrophy
A
- increased actin and myosin (myofibrillar proteins)
- increased muscle pennation angle
18
Q
axial skeleton
A
skull
ribcage
vertebrae
19
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
everything but the skull, ribcage, and vertebrae
20
Q
tendon
A
attaches muscle to bone
21
Q
strain
A
tendon
22
Q
sprain
A
ligament
23
Q
ligament
A
attaches bone to bone
24
Q
isotonic
A
constant tension as a muscle changes length
25
isokinetic
constant speed
26
muscle fiber that is oxidative
type 1
27
type of muscle fiber that is a mix of oxidative and glycolytic
Type 2a
28
type of muscle fiber that is glycolytic
type 2
29
what is fascia?
thin layer of connective tissue surrounding different layers of the muscle
30
layers of fascia
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
31
epimysium
outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle
32
perimysium
surrounds the motor unit
33
endomysium
surrounds one muscle fiber
34
fascicle
a bundle of muscle fibers, aka cells that contain a motor unit aka nerve
35
motor units are supplied by ___ nerve
1
36
all or none principal
all muscle fibers contract at the same time
37
henneman size principal
contract all type 1
then type 2a
then type 2x
38
contractile unit of the muscle
smallest unit of the muscle
made up of actin and myosin
sarcomeres
39
z disc
the walls of the sarcomere
40
a band
the length of the myosin, never changes length
41
i band
contains only actin
| shortens when a muscle contracts
42
h zone
contains only myosin
| shortens when muscle contracts
43
when a muscle relaxes, what do the z lines do?
get farther apart
44
when a muscle contracts, what do the z lines do?
get closer
45
sliding filament theory
row boat
| myosin pulls the actin to shorten the muscle
46
tropomyosin
roper around actin
| covers up the sport where myosin binds
47
troponin
pulls tropomyosin out of the way when activated by calcium
48
what senses muscle stretch?
muscle spindle
49
what causes a muscle contraction?
muscle spindle
50
what senses when a muscle contracts hard and a tendon is stretched?
golgi tendon organ
51
lungs main function
1. inspire oxygen
| 2. expire co2
52
where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
alveoli
53
systemic arteries
| pulmonary vein
oxygenated blood
54
veins
| pulmonary artery
deoxygenated blood
55
open chain exercise
open door
| machine based mostly
56
closed chain
closed door
57
two exercises that contain both open and closed chain movements
running and lunges
58
what is the definition of power?
(force) * (velocity)
59
to compare performances of Olympic weightlifters of different body weights, the classic formula divides the load lifted by the athletes.....
body weight to two-thirds power
60
during a free weight exercise, how does muscle force vary?
perpindicular distance from the weight to the body joint and joint angle
61
a verticle jump that involves knee, hip, and shoulder movement primarily in which of the anatomical planes
sagittal
62
an athlete is performing a concentric isokinetic elbow flexion and extension exercise. which levers occur at the elbow during this exercise?
1st and 3rd class lever
63
what substance regulates muscle actions?
calcium
64
what substance acts at the neuromuscular junction to excite the muscle fibers of a motor unit?
acetylcholine
65
what initiates the hearts electrical impulse?
sa node
66
what occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG?
repolarization of the atrium, depolarization of the ventricle
67
motor neuron size of type 1 muscle fiber
small
68
motor neuron size of type 2a muscle fiber
large
69
motor neuron size of type 2x muscle fiber
large
70
aerobic enzyme content for t1, t2a, t2x
high, intermediate/low, low
71
sarcoplasmic reticulum complexity for t1, t2a, t2x
low
intermediate/high
high
72
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| 100m sprint
low
| high
73
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| 800m run
high
| high
74
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| marathon
high
| low
75
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| olympic weightlifting
low
| high
76
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| soccer, lacrosse, hockey
high
| high
77
american football wide reciever
low
| high
78
american football lineman
low
| high
79
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| basketball, team handball
low
| high
80
volleyball
low
| high
81
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| baseball/softball pitcher
low
| high
82
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| boxing
high
| high
83
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| wrestling
high
| high
84
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| 50m swim
low
| high
85
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| field events
low
| high
86
cross country skiing.biathlon
high
| low
87
type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:
| tennis
high
| high
88
type 1 and type2 involvement in:
| downhill ski
high
| high
89
type 1 and type2 involvement in:
| speed skating
high
| high
90
type 1 and type 2 involvement in:
| track cycling
low
| high
91
type 1 and type 2 involvement in:
| distance cycling
high
| low
92
type 1 and type 2 involvement in:
| rowing
high
| high
93
operate as a hinge, rotate about one axis
uniaxial
94
example of a uniaxial joint
elbow
95
joint that operates in two perpendicular axes
biaxial
96
example of a biaxial joint
wrist and ankle
97
joint that allows movement in all three axes
multiaxial
98
example of a multiaxial joint
shoulder and hip
99
how many muscle fibers are in a single motor unit?
several hundred
100
what consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates?
motor unit
101
epimysium is the _____ layer of connective tissue
outer
102
perimysium surrounds ________
each fasciculus, or group of fibers
103
what surrounds individual fibers?
endomysium
104
the discharge of an action potential from a motor nerve signals the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, causing tension dvelopment in the muscle
excitation-contraction coupling
105
what dictates the force production of a muscle?
the number of crossbridges that are formed between the actin and myosin
106
what is necessary for the crossbrideg cycle with actin and myosin filaments?
calcium and atp
107
what causes the release of acetylcholine?
arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal
108
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
motor neuron size
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: small
type 2a: large
type 2x: large
109
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
recruitment threshold
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: low
type 2a: intermediate/high
type 2x: high
110
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
nerve conduction velocity
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: slow
type 2a: fast
type 2x: fast
111
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
contraction speed
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: slow
type 2a: fast
type 2x: fast
112
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
relaxation speed
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: slow
type 2a: fast
type 2x: fast
113
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
fatigue resistance
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: high
type 2a: intermediate/low
type 2x: low
114
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
sarcoplasmic reticulum content
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: low
type 2a: intermediate/high
type 2x: high
115
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
capillary density
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: high
type 2a: intermediate
type 2x: low
116
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
myoglobin content
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: high
type 2a: low
type 2x: low
117
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
mitochondrial size, density
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: high
type 2a: intermediate
type 2x: low
118
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
color
```
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: red
type 2a: white/red
type 2x: white
