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Cards i made cscs > Anatomy and Physiology CSCS > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology CSCS Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle force and resistance are on opposite sides of the fulcrum

A

1st class lever

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2
Q

triceps pushdowns are considered this type of lever

A

1st class lever

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3
Q

the moment arm of the force is LONGER than the moment arm of the resistance. Rare.

A

2nd class lever

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4
Q

an example of this lever is a calf raise

A

2nd class lever

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5
Q

this lever class is a mechanical advantage

A

2nd class lever

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6
Q

the moment arm of the muscle is SHORTER than the moment arm of the resistance

A

3rd class lever

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7
Q

this lever is a mechanical disadvantage for the muscle

A

3rd class lever

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8
Q

examples of this lever are the bicep curl, leg extension, and most muscles

A

3rd class lever

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9
Q

internally generated force

A

muscle force

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10
Q

externally generated force

A

resistive force

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11
Q

work

A

force x displacement

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12
Q

power

A

work/time

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13
Q

impulse

A

change in momentum

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14
Q

motor unit firing rate

A

rate coding

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15
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ season includes:
more max strength 
great base after hypertrophy
drive type 2 motor unit activation
foundation for power training
A

preseason

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16
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ season includes: 
more speed/power
neurophysiological adaptation
transient gains (breif)
most sport specific
A

in season

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17
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A
  • increased actin and myosin (myofibrillar proteins)

- increased muscle pennation angle

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18
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
ribcage
vertebrae

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19
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

everything but the skull, ribcage, and vertebrae

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20
Q

tendon

A

attaches muscle to bone

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21
Q

strain

A

tendon

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22
Q

sprain

A

ligament

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23
Q

ligament

A

attaches bone to bone

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24
Q

isotonic

A

constant tension as a muscle changes length

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25
Q

isokinetic

A

constant speed

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26
Q

muscle fiber that is oxidative

A

type 1

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27
Q

type of muscle fiber that is a mix of oxidative and glycolytic

A

Type 2a

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28
Q

type of muscle fiber that is glycolytic

A

type 2

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29
Q

what is fascia?

A

thin layer of connective tissue surrounding different layers of the muscle

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30
Q

layers of fascia

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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31
Q

epimysium

A

outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle

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32
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds the motor unit

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33
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds one muscle fiber

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34
Q

fascicle

A

a bundle of muscle fibers, aka cells that contain a motor unit aka nerve

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35
Q

motor units are supplied by ___ nerve

A

1

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36
Q

all or none principal

A

all muscle fibers contract at the same time

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37
Q

henneman size principal

A

contract all type 1
then type 2a
then type 2x

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38
Q

contractile unit of the muscle
smallest unit of the muscle
made up of actin and myosin

A

sarcomeres

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39
Q

z disc

A

the walls of the sarcomere

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40
Q

a band

A

the length of the myosin, never changes length

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41
Q

i band

A

contains only actin

shortens when a muscle contracts

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42
Q

h zone

A

contains only myosin

shortens when muscle contracts

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43
Q

when a muscle relaxes, what do the z lines do?

A

get farther apart

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44
Q

when a muscle contracts, what do the z lines do?

A

get closer

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45
Q

sliding filament theory

A

row boat

myosin pulls the actin to shorten the muscle

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46
Q

tropomyosin

A

roper around actin

covers up the sport where myosin binds

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47
Q

troponin

A

pulls tropomyosin out of the way when activated by calcium

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48
Q

what senses muscle stretch?

A

muscle spindle

49
Q

what causes a muscle contraction?

A

muscle spindle

50
Q

what senses when a muscle contracts hard and a tendon is stretched?

A

golgi tendon organ

51
Q

lungs main function

A
  1. inspire oxygen

2. expire co2

52
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

53
Q

systemic arteries

pulmonary vein

A

oxygenated blood

54
Q

veins

pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated blood

55
Q

open chain exercise

A

open door

machine based mostly

56
Q

closed chain

A

closed door

57
Q

two exercises that contain both open and closed chain movements

A

running and lunges

58
Q

what is the definition of power?

A

(force) * (velocity)

59
Q

to compare performances of Olympic weightlifters of different body weights, the classic formula divides the load lifted by the athletes…..

A

body weight to two-thirds power

60
Q

during a free weight exercise, how does muscle force vary?

A

perpindicular distance from the weight to the body joint and joint angle

61
Q

a verticle jump that involves knee, hip, and shoulder movement primarily in which of the anatomical planes

62
Q

an athlete is performing a concentric isokinetic elbow flexion and extension exercise. which levers occur at the elbow during this exercise?

A

1st and 3rd class lever

63
Q

what substance regulates muscle actions?

64
Q

what substance acts at the neuromuscular junction to excite the muscle fibers of a motor unit?

A

acetylcholine

65
Q

what initiates the hearts electrical impulse?

66
Q

what occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG?

A

repolarization of the atrium, depolarization of the ventricle

67
Q

motor neuron size of type 1 muscle fiber

68
Q

motor neuron size of type 2a muscle fiber

69
Q

motor neuron size of type 2x muscle fiber

70
Q

aerobic enzyme content for t1, t2a, t2x

A

high, intermediate/low, low

71
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum complexity for t1, t2a, t2x

A

low
intermediate/high
high

72
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

100m sprint

73
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

800m run

74
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

marathon

75
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

olympic weightlifting

76
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

soccer, lacrosse, hockey

77
Q

american football wide reciever

78
Q

american football lineman

79
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

basketball, team handball

80
Q

volleyball

81
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

baseball/softball pitcher

82
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

boxing

83
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

wrestling

84
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

50m swim

85
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

field events

86
Q

cross country skiing.biathlon

87
Q

type 1 and typer 2 involvement in:

tennis

88
Q

type 1 and type2 involvement in:

downhill ski

89
Q

type 1 and type2 involvement in:

speed skating

90
Q

type 1 and type 2 involvement in:

track cycling

91
Q

type 1 and type 2 involvement in:

distance cycling

92
Q

type 1 and type 2 involvement in:

rowing

93
Q

operate as a hinge, rotate about one axis

94
Q

example of a uniaxial joint

95
Q

joint that operates in two perpendicular axes

96
Q

example of a biaxial joint

A

wrist and ankle

97
Q

joint that allows movement in all three axes

A

multiaxial

98
Q

example of a multiaxial joint

A

shoulder and hip

99
Q

how many muscle fibers are in a single motor unit?

A

several hundred

100
Q

what consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates?

A

motor unit

101
Q

epimysium is the _____ layer of connective tissue

102
Q

perimysium surrounds ________

A

each fasciculus, or group of fibers

103
Q

what surrounds individual fibers?

A

endomysium

104
Q

the discharge of an action potential from a motor nerve signals the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, causing tension dvelopment in the muscle

A

excitation-contraction coupling

105
Q

what dictates the force production of a muscle?

A

the number of crossbridges that are formed between the actin and myosin

106
Q

what is necessary for the crossbrideg cycle with actin and myosin filaments?

A

calcium and atp

107
Q

what causes the release of acetylcholine?

A

arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal

108
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
motor neuron size
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: small
type 2a: large
type 2x: large

109
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
recruitment threshold
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: low
type 2a: intermediate/high
type 2x: high

110
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
nerve conduction velocity
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: slow
type 2a: fast
type 2x: fast

111
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
contraction speed
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: slow
type 2a: fast
type 2x: fast

112
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
relaxation speed
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: slow
type 2a: fast
type 2x: fast

113
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
fatigue resistance
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: high
type 2a: intermediate/low
type 2x: low

114
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x: 
sarcoplasmic reticulum content
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: low
type 2a: intermediate/high
type 2x: high

115
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
capillary density
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: high
type 2a: intermediate
type 2x: low

116
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
myoglobin content
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: high
type 2a: low
type 2x: low

117
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
mitochondrial size, density
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: high
type 2a: intermediate
type 2x: low

118
Q 
characteristic for fiber types:
type 1:
type 2a:
type 2x:
color
A

characteristic for fiber types:
type 1: red
type 2a: white/red
type 2x: white

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