Cardiovascular

Question 1

Beta blocker mechanism of action?

Answer 1

Reduce renin release and cardiac contractility so secondary effect on adrenaline.
Vasodilatory blocking sympathetic influence.

Question 2

Beta blocker CI?

Answer 2

Asthma as induce bronchospasm

Question 3

Beta blocker examples?

Answer 3

Atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol

Question 4

CCB mechanism of action?

Answer 4

Block calcium ion channels so decrease electrical conduction in the heart so reduce contractility.
So arterial dilation.

Question 5

SE of CCB often noted?

Answer 5

Postural hypotension (severe hypotension is a CI)

Question 6

Why is verapamil used as a CCB preferentially to amlodipine?

Answer 6

Lack of calcium channel effect at rest.

Question 7

CCB CI?

Answer 7

Acute MI, severe hypotension

Question 8

ARB mechanism of action?

Answer 8

Angiotensin II receptor antagonist so aids with blood vessel dilation to decrease the blood pressure.

Question 9

ARB CI?

Answer 9

DM
eGFR < 60
Pregnant

Question 10

ARB x3 examples?

Answer 10

Candesartan
Valsartan
Losartan

Question 11

ARB indication?

Answer 11

HF, CKD, post-MI

Question 12

ACEi mechanism of action and SE which leads to what?

Answer 12

Block action of ACE in RAAS.

Dry cough so change to ARB

Question 13

ACEi CI?

Answer 13

Hyperkalaemia, renal artery stenosis, pregnant

Question 14

ACEi x3 examples?

Answer 14

Ramipril
Enalapril
Lisinopril

Question 15

Lidocaine mechanism of action?

Answer 15

Antiarrhythmic blocking Na+ channels so block AP propagation

Question 16

Statin mechanism of action?

Answer 16

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase which control cholesterol production in the liver

Question 17

Statin CI?

Answer 17

Acute hepatic disease, pregnancy and breastfeeding

Question 18

Atorvastatin, lovastatin and pitavastatin, simvastatin are examples of?

Answer 18

Statins

Question 19

Loop diuretics mechanism of action?

Answer 19

Act on NKCC2 symporter in ascending loop of Henle so K+, Na+, Cl- reabsorption is inhibited.
So decreased renin (RAAS) and decrease fluid retention.
MORE wee.

Question 20

Loop diuretic examples x3?

Answer 20

Furosemide, torsemide, bumetanide

Question 21

Loop diuretic indications?

Answer 21

Edema associated with HF, liver cirrhosis, renal disease and HTN

Question 22

Thiazide diuretics mechanism of action?

Answer 22

Block thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- symporter from kidney DCT so increase Ca2+ reabsorption in distal tubule.

• -> Less H2O reabsorbed
• -> More H2O out

Question 23

Thiazide diuretics CI?

Answer 23

Gout, HTN, renal failure, hypokalemia

Question 24

Hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, metolazone examples of?

Answer 24

Thiazide diuretics

Question 25

Thiazide diuretics indications?

Answer 25

HTN, edema, HF

Question 26

Spironolactone an example of?

Answer 26

Aldosterone antagonist

Question 27

Aldosterone antagonist mechanism of action?

Answer 27

Block Na+ reabsorption so encourage water loss so more wee

Question 28

Spironolactone CI in?

Indicated in?

Answer 28

Addison’s disease, impaired renal function

Conn’s syndrome, edema, hypokalemic patients, HF

Question 29

Nitrates mechanism of action?

Answer 29

Relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscles (vasodilatory)

Improve Oxygen supply to the myocardium

Question 30

Nitrates contraindication? x3

Answer 30

Marked bradycardia, hypotension, tachycardia

Question 31

Dobutamine mechanism of action and indication?

Answer 31

Acts on alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2 receptors with a strong ionotropic effect
Those with depressed contractility resulting from heart disease or a surgical procedure

Question 32

Angina, CHF, arrythmia, AF, tremor glaucoma give?

Answer 32

Beta blocker

Question 33

VF, ventricular tachycardia give?

Answer 33

Lidocaine