Cardiovascular Flashcards
Which condition is a direct acute cause of HF, leading to Right-sided heart failure ?
Pulmonary Embolism
Which congenital heart defect results in right to left shunting and requires emergency surgical intervention for survival
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
The primary cause of a cardiogenic shock in a patient with an acute MI is
failure of the ventricle to pump blood adequately
Which lipoprotein plays a major role in reverse cholesterol transport away from the arteries and back to the liver ?
HDL
In right heart failure due to right ventricular dysfunction. what does SVP do ?
systemic venous pressure increases
Which of the following is NOT associated with ACS
heart failure
Which of the following cardiac rhythms do NOT lead to a decrease in cardiac output
NSR (normal sinus rhythm)
A pediatric patient with a ventricular septal defect would have which type of murmur
Holosystolic
Which congenital heart defect is known to cause cyanotic episodes precipitated by crying, feeding, or other activities ?
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Which heart condition includes both a systolic and diastolic timed murmur ?
Tricuspid Regurgitation
What is the purpose of activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the RAAS, and antidiuretic system in the presence of impaired cardiac pumping and/or filling ?
production of arterial vasoconstriction
Which of the following causes reactive hyperemia
Raynaud phenomenon
A congenital heart defect that warrants emergency medical and surgical intervention is
a cyanotic defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow
Which of the following statements accurately describes a Premature Ventricular Contract
caused by ventricular ectopic pacemaker
The acute inflammatory response in a myocardial infarction is associated with
cytokine activation and vasodilation with decreased perfusion pressure
In a patient with Patent Ductus Arteriosus, where is the murmur best heard?
localized at the left clavicle
Which birth defect of the heart is characterized by a hole in the septum that separates the 2 lower chambers
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
How long after a myocardial infarction can the initial troponin level be detected
3 hours
The formation of an atherosclerotic lesion in the arterial wall is related to high levels of
LDLs
Diastole
is the minimum arterial pressure exerted during relaxation and dilation of the ventricles
Which of the following conditions may predispose patients to an atypical presentation of myocardial ischemia
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypertension is NOT caused by changes in
vascular relaxation
Which of the following is NOT an assessment finding in a patient who is experiencing shock
End-organ hyperperfusion
Increased venous return to the heart leads to
increased stroke volume
Which one of the following conditions is an acute, febrile, immune-mediated disease characterized by vasculitis leading to coronary artery aneurysm
Kawasaki syndrome
An elevation of which laboratory finding is indicative of a myocardial infarction
troponin
Aortic stenosis may be identified by
a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
When atrial fibrillation terminates within 7 days of onset, it is classified as
paroxysmal
To increase oxygen saturation after exertion, a patient with Tetralogy of Fallot will
squat
The bacteria responsible for rheumatic fever is
Group A streptococcus
Systemic hypotension is defined as
stroke volume of 32mL/m2
The life-threatening cardiac condition caused by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space is
cardiac tamponade
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major risk factors contributing to the development of
Coronary Artery Disease
A mother states that her young child has been squatting after exertion and is easily fatigued. The NP suspects :
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Triglycerides are synthesized by the
liver
The amount of pressure that occurs when the ventricles contract
systolic pressure
Artherosclerosis in the lower extremities commonly causes
peripheral artery disease
Which of the following cardiac rhythms is characterized by P waves that precede each QRS interval
Sinus Bradycardia
Elevated troponin levels are present in
NSTEMI
The rhythm of the heart is generated by the
SA node
The heart sound that is NOT auscultated in a patient with aortic stenosis is
S3 gallop
Diastolic heart failure is a result of the impairment in the
left ventricle
Which one of the following congenital heart defects does NOT depend on left to right shunting through ducuts arteriosus for pulmonary circulation
aortic stenosis
Which congenital heart defect involves abnormal opening between the atria that is expected to close without surgical intervention by 12 months of age
atrial septal defect
Which one of the following may be seen in patients with acute coronary syndrome
New onset angina that markedly limits physical activity
Patients with acute coronary syndrome typically have plaque erosion, which is characterized by :
hyaluronan and neutrophils
Which birth defect of the heart is characterized by a hole in the septum that separates the 2 lower chambers
ventricular septal defect
Which heart condition is referred to as “enlarged heart”
ventricular hypertrophy
Which of the following congenital heart defect causes increased pulmonary blood flow
atrial septal defect
The most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy is
hypertension
Symptoms of mild heart failure include
S3 gallop
A birth defect characterized by a hole in the septum that separates the 2 upper chambers of the heart is
atrial septal defect
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is described as
cyanotic mixed defects with increased pulmonary blood flow
Which of the following cardiac rhythms do not lead to a decrease in cardiac output
normal sinus rhythm
Which of the following is true about the normal heart function of an infant
the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
Which of the following types of angina involves nocturnal symptoms
unstable angina
Which of the following is NOT a Virchow’s triad risk factor for deep vein thrombosis
peripheral nervous system damage
Which of the following produces visible evidence of an underlying problem with reverse venous flow
varicose veins
Pediatric patients with Tetralogy of Fallot have episodes of bluish skin during crying and feeding that are called
Tet spells
A patient who is in cardiogenic shock will present with
mixed venous oxygen saturation
Which of the following is most responsible for the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries, increasing risk of heart disease and stroke
low-density lipoproteins
Which of the following assessment findings correlates with dynamic obstruction of the left ventricle
systolic murmur
Which one of the following is a clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricles to fill or eject blood
heart failure
cardiac preload is defined as the
volume of blood in the atria at the end of diastole
which type of angina results from coronary artery vasospasm and occurs in atypical patterns
Prinzmetal’s angina
the primary function of the heart is
to pump blood through the body via the circulation system
the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity is
pericardial effusion
A reduced risk of cardiovascular disease has been associated with aggressive control of
low-density lipoproteins
Which type of ECG changes may be produced by acute coronary syndrome
ST-elevation
Cardiogenic shock in the presence of an acute myocardial infarction typically involves
decrease in stroke volume and decrease in cardiac output
Atrial septal defect results from
failure of the tissue to form between the atria
In a patient with atrial septal defect, split heart sounds are due to
left-to-right shunting of the blood
Which of the following is secreted by the ventricular myocytes and assists in the diagnosis of heart failure
BNP (brain natiuretic peptide)
A common cause of diastolic heart failure is
hypertension
Artherosclerotic plaques can cause
thrombosis
Sick sinus syndrome is described as the
destruction of the SA node and changes in the nerves and ganglia
With each heart beat, blood within the left and right ventricle is ejected into the
aorta and pulmonary artery
Which peptide hormone causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure
angiotensin
The systematic disease that occurs secondary to untreated strep throat is
rheumatic fever
Which cardiac condition involves thickening of the muscle wall of the right lower chamber of the heart
ventricular hypertrophy
which one of the following is NOT present in Tetralogy of Fallot
patent ductus arterosis
When alpha receptors are stimulated, what primary physiologic response is expected
blood pressure increases
Which of the following is NOT an underlying cause of obstructed coronary artery blood flow by a thrombus
stable angina
Patients with acute coronary syndrome may experience chest pain secondary to
oxygen demand
Which of the following is not a deficit of Tetralogy of Fallot
an enlargement of the tricuspid valves
Unstable angina is characterized by
increasing crescendo angina
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about left-sided heart failure
the heart moved blood from high pulmonary pressure to low systematic circulation pressure
In a patient with a ventricular septal defect, blood flows
to the right ventricle and into the lungs
Which of the following ECG changes is NOT specific to episodes of angina
Premature Ventricular Contractions
Which of the following is the cardiac rhythm described as a prolongation of the QT interval
Torsades de pointes
The Trendelenburg test is used to assess for
varicose veins
Mean arterial pressure is primarily regulated by changes in cardiac output and
systematic vascular resistance
A common symptom of a congenital heart defect is
central cyanosis
Mortality associated with Kawasaki’s syndrome is most likely related to
coronary artery aneurysm
A progressive disease of heart muscle that is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement of contractile dysfunction is
dilated cardiomyopathy
A variant angina characterized by transient reduction in the luminal diameter within the coronary artery and consistent with ST-elevation is
Prinzmetal’s angina
