Cardio

Question 1

Cardiogenic shock: SSx

Answer 1

Elevated CVP (rules out hypovolemia)
Hypotension

• CVP: measures preload @ SVC. Normally it is <= 8 mmHg.

Question 2

CHF

1) Def
2) Pathophysiology

Answer 2

1) Cardiac dysfunction (reduced CO) due to myocardial damage or weakness.
2) Due to reduced sensitivity to baroreceptors, 3 systems activated chronically (RAAS, SANS, & AVP - ADH arginine vasopressin)

Question 3

CHF

3) SSx

Answer 3

3) Impaired water excretion & circulatory overload -> dilutional hypoNa, pulm congestion, edema, JVD

Question 4

Unexplained PVCs: Ix

Answer 4

Holter monitor (24 hr): To quantify and determine morphology.  
- Next step is Echo to r/o structural AbN (based on frequency of PVCs).

Question 5

CHB

1) SSx
2) Initial best step
3) Ix
4) Tx
5) If presented to a clinic: next best step

Answer 5

1) Hypotension, bradycardia, JVD, edema, dyspnea
2) External pacer pads
3) Echo
4) Atropine (temporary), Pacemaker (definitive)
5) Emergency medical services: transfer to ER