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LECTURE EXAMINATIONS > CARDIO > Flashcards

CARDIO Flashcards

ANA/PHY/ECG/CARDIO CONDITIONS/AX/REHAB

1
Q

The ___ extend through the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart.
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. bundle of HIS
d. Purkinje fibers

A

c. bundle of HIS

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2
Q

Cardiac excitation normally begins in the:
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. bundle of HIS
d. Purkinje fibers

A

a. SA node

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3
Q

All of the following are true about the common carotid artery, EXCEPT:
a. Its branches are the external and internal common carotid artery.
b. The external common carotid artery will supply blood in the superficial structure of the skull.
c. The internal will turn into the MCA and PCA.
d. NOTA

A

c. The internal will turn into the MCA and PCA.

x PCA, / ACA

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4
Q

All of the following describes about the heart, EXCEPT:
a. For all its might, the heart is relatively small, same size as a closed fist.
b. The heart rests on the diaphragm, near the midline of thoracic cavity.
c. About 1/2 of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the body’s midline.
d. NOTA

A

c. About 1/2 of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the body’s midline.

(2/3)

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5
Q

The base of the heart is its posterior surface. It is formed by the atria (upper chambers) of the heart, mostly the left atrium.
a. First statement is true. Second statement is false.
b. First statement is false. Second statement is true.
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false.

A

c. Both statements are true.

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6
Q

The heart does not eject all of the blood it contains during systole. Instead, a small volume called the:
a. EDV
b. ESV
c. SV
d. CO

A

b. ESV

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7
Q

As afterload increases, the SV ejected by the ventricles ___:
a. increases
b. decreases
c. no change
d. AOTA

A

b. decreases

(afterload = pressure dapat lagpasan ng ventricles para open semilunar valves)

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8
Q

Point of Maximal Impulse:
a. This is where the contraction of the RA is more pronounced.
b. This is where the contraction of the RV is more pronounced.
c. This is where the contraction of the LA is more pronounced.
d. This is where the contraction of the LV is more pronounced.

A

d. This is where the contraction of the LV is more pronounced.

(Point of Maximal Impulse = rinig na rinig ang LV contraction)

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9
Q

Between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium is a closed space filled with pericardial fluid hich serves as a:
a. Lubricant allowing the two surfaces to slide past one another.
b. Lubricant allowing the two surfaces to contract to one another.
c. Lubricant allowing the two surfaces to stay on one another.
d. Lubricant allowing the two surfaces to rise on one another.

A

a. Lubricant allowing the two surfaces to slide past one another.

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10
Q

SV will ___ with an increase in preload.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. both
d. no change

A

a. increase

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11
Q

SV will ___ with an increase in afterload.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. both
d. no change

A

b. decrease

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12
Q

The thick middle layer of the heart.
a. epicardium
b. endocardium
c. myocardium
d. AOTA

A

c. myocardium

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13
Q

Visceral pericardium
a. epicardium
b. endocardium
c. myocardium
d. AOTA

A

a. epicardium

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14
Q

Heart rate less than 60bpm
a. tachycardia
b. bradycardia
c. ventricular fibrillation
d. PVC

A

b. bradycardia

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15
Q

As the ventricles continue to relax, the pressure falls quickly. When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure, the AV valves open, and ____ begins.
a. ventricular filling
b. isovolumetric contraction
c. ejection phase
d. AOTA

A

a. ventricular filling

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16
Q

The large diameter ___ rapidly conduct the action potential beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium.
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. bundle of HIS
d. Purkinje fibers

A

d. Purkinje fibers

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17
Q

During phase 0 of the cardiac action potential, there is rapid influx of this ion:
a. sodium
b. oxygen
c. hydrogen
d. potassium
e. calcium

A

a. sodium

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18
Q

This opening existed in the fetal heart
a. Fossa ovalis
b. Foraman ovale
c. Foramen ovale
d. B and C

A

c. Foramen ovale

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19
Q

The descending aorta will turn into:
a. thoracic aorta
b. common carotid artery
c. subclavian artery
d. NOTA

A

a. thoracic aorta

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20
Q

The aortic semilunar valve opens at approximately ___ ventricular pressure.
a. 90 mmHg
b. 80 mmHg
c. 70 mmHg
d. 100 mmHg

A

b. 80 mmHg

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21
Q

The pulmonary semilunar valve opens at approximately ___ ventricular pressure.
a. 9 mmHg
b. 8 mmHg
c. 7 mmHg
d. 100 mmHg

A

b. 8 mmHg

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22
Q

A low-pitched sound, often described as “lubb”
a. first heart sound
b. second heart sound
c. third heart sound
d. fourth heart sound

A

a. first heart sound

A.K.A. S1

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23
Q

Higher-pitched sound often described as “dubb”
a. first heart sound
b. second heart sound
c. third heart sound
d. fourth heart sound

A

b. second heart sound

A.K.A S2

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24
Q

The primary function of the AV valves is to prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular
a. relaxation
b. contraction
c. both
d. NOTA

A

b. contraction

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25
Q

During diastole, the ventricles fill with blood from atria via open ___
a. tricuspid and pulmonic valve
b. mitral and aortic valve
c. tricuspid and mitral valve
d. pulmonic and aortic valve

A

c. tricuspid and mitral valve

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26
Q

The first 2/3 of ventricular filling is passive; during the last 1/3, the atria contract and push the blood into the ventricles. This contraction is known as the:
a. atrial push
b. atrial kick
c. atrial pull
d. atrial roll

A

b. atrial kick

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27
Q

The “dub” in Korotkoff’s heart sound is:
a. the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at diastole
b. associated with atrial contraction
c. the aortic and pulmonic valves closing
d. indicative of right ventricular heart failure
e. associated with ventricular filling

A

c. the aortic and pulmonic valves closing

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28
Q

If the stroke volume is 70ml and the heart rate is 85 beats per minute, the cardiac output is approximately ___ liters per minute.
a. 12
b. 6
c. 3
d. 24

A

b. 6

convert

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29
Q

Which of these large vessels arise from the arch of the aorta?
i. right carotid vein
ii. brachiocephalic trunk
iii. left common carotid artery
iv. left subclavian artery
v. right subclavian artery

a. III and IV only
b. II, III, and IV
c. II, III, and V
d. I, II, and III

A

b. II, III, and IV

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30
Q

Between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium is a closed space filled with pericardial fluid which serves as a:
a. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to slide past one another
b. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to contract to one another
c. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to stay on one another
d. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to rise on one another

A

a. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to slide past one another

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31
Q

The pulmonary artery leaves the heart via the ____.
a. right auricle
b. left ventricle
c. right ventricle
d. left auricle

A

c. right ventricle

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32
Q

The maximal heart rate (in beats per minute) during exercise allowable for a 70 year old male ___
a. 150
b. 190
c. 120
d. 70

A

a. 150

(220-age = MHR)

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33
Q

The extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched ___
a. preload
b. no load
c. afterload
d. AOTA

A

a. preload

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34
Q

The plateau exists because voltage gated Ca2+ channels remain
a. close
b. open
c. both
d. NOTA

A

b. open

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35
Q

Initiate action potential, which spread across the atria and cause then to contract
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. bundle of HIS
d. Purkinje fibers

A

a. SA node

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36
Q

The bundle of HIS give rise to ___, which supply the ventricles.
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. bundle HIS
d. Purkinje fibers

A

b. AV node

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37
Q

Increased venous return results in ___
a. increased SV
b. increased CO
c. increased EDV
d. AOTA

A

d. AOTA

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38
Q

Describes the initiation of ventricular repolarization.
a. QRS complexes
b. ST seg
c. P wave
d. T wave

A

d. T wave

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39
Q

Newly oxygenated blood within the pulmonary veins travels to the LA and passes through the ___ valve into the LV.
a. tricuspid valve
b. pulmonic valve
c. aortic valve
d. mitral valve

A

d. mitral valve

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40
Q

Blood within the LV travels down to the apex where it is squeezed in a wringin motion during systole and moved from the apex to the LV outflow tract and finally out through the ___ valve to the aorta.
a. tricuspid valve
b. pulmonic valve
c. aortic valve
d. mitral valve

A

c. aortic valve

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41
Q

The volume of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction
a. stroke volume
b. cardiac output
c. cardiac input
d. stroke capacity

A

a. stroke volume

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42
Q

During ___, the ventricles must be able to stretch to accommodate the blood entering the ventricles.
a. systole
b. diastole
c. AOTA
d. NOTA

A

b. diastole

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43
Q

During ___, the ventricles must be able to contract adequately to eject the SV.
a. systole
b. diastole
c. AOTA
d. NOTA

A

a. systole

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44
Q

Depicts sinus node and atrial depolarization.
a. ORS complexes
b. ST seg
c. P wave
d. T wave

A

c. P wave

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45
Q

It is caused by blood flowing in a turbulent fashion into the ventricles, and it can be detected during passive ventricular filling.
a. first heart sound
b. second heart sound
c. third heart sound
d. fourth heart sound

A

c. third heart sound

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46
Q

The anterior wall of the atrium is rough due to the presence of ___
a. pectoralis muscle
b. pectinate muscle
c. papillary muscle
d. papinllary muscle

A

b. pectinate muscle

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47
Q

Cardiac output is also influenced by:
a. BP
b. MAP
c. HR
d. NOTA

A

c. HR

(stroke volume x HR)

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48
Q

Forms the apex of the heart
a. LA
b. LV
c. RA
d. RV

A

b. LV

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49
Q

During each cardiac cycle, there are four heart sounds, but in a normal heart only the first and second heart sound are loud enough to be heard through a ___.
a. phonocardiogram
b. sthethoscope
c. central line
d. Swan Ganz catheter

A

b. stethoscope

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50
Q

Blood moves forward from the RA through the ___ valve to the RV.
a. tricuspid valve
b. pulmonic valve
c. aortic valve
d. mitral valve

A

a. tricuspid valve

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51
Q

Traditionally, this phase is well set up in the form of an outpatient hospital-based programme. It includes individualized progressive exercise prescription and supervised exercise sessions.
a. Phase 1
b. Phase 2
c. Phase 3
d. Phase 4

A

c. Phase 3

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52
Q

A thorough assessment is essential in order to plan an individualized and safe exercise prescription for cardiac patients and should include the following, EXCEPT:
a. a brief history of the present condition and clinical presentation
b. patient goals and expectations
c. physical limitations and disabilities
d. NOTA

A

a. a brief history of the present condition and clinical presentation

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53
Q

All of the following are contraindicated to exercise, EXCEPT:
a. recent embolism
b. resting ST segment displacement >2mm on electrocardiograph (ECG)
c. active pericarditis or myocarditis
d. stable angina

A

d. stable angina

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54
Q

The peak of this enzyme id during 24-48 hrs.
a. SGOT
b. CPK
c. CK MB
d. LDH

A

a. SGOT

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55
Q

The peak of this enzyme is during 12-24 hrs.
a. SGOT
b. CPK
c. CK MB
d. LDH

A

c. CK MB

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56
Q

The peak of LDH is during
a. 3-6 days
b. 1-2 days
c. 6-7 days
d. 3-4 days

A

a. 3-6 days

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57
Q

All of the following describes the PTCA, except:
a. The tip of the catheter inserted into the femoral artery.
b. Sternal precaution is commonly applied to reduce dehiscence of the incision.
c. The balloon is the inflated compressing the plaque against the interior artery walls thereby increasing the luminal area.
d. NOTA

A

b. Sternal precaution is commonly applied to reduce dehiscence of the incision.

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58
Q

Holds the lumen open.
a. PTCA
b. IV stent
c. Central line
d. Cardiac catherization

A

b. IV stent

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59
Q

A 55 y.o. female suffers from a right sided failure, all of the following describes this condition, EXCEPT:
a. The liver becomes congested with venous blood it becomes enlarged and abdominal pain occurs.
b. Edema is symmetric and occurs in the dependent parts of the body.
c. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) resembles the frightening sensation of suffocation.
d. Cyanosis of the nail beds appears as venous congestion reduces peripheral blood flow.

A

c. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) resembles the frightening sensation of suffocation.

(for L-sided heart failure)

60
Q

A 56 y.o. female is complaining of substernal pain that may radiate to the neck, upper back, upper trapezius muscle, left supraclavicular area, down the left arm to the costal margins, pain aggravated by trunk movements (sidebending or rotation) and by lying down. This patient is suffering from what condition?
a. TOF
b. ASD
c. pericarditis
d. MI

A

c. pericarditis

61
Q

Which of the following best describes the nitroglycerin?
a. This drug is given to people who have heart failure.
b. Causes dilation of all the veins and arteries including coronary arteries.
c. Prevent clot formation.
d. AOTA

A

b. Causes dilation of all the veins and arteries including coronary arteries.

a: digitalis

62
Q

Failure of this chamber causes either pulmonary congestion or a disturbance in the respiratory control mechanisms. These problems in turn precipitate respiratory distress.
a. RV
b. LV
c. RA
d. LA

A

b. LV

63
Q

A target heart rate is determined for individuals entering a training program in order to:
a. regulate exercise intensity
b. estimate energy expenditure
c. control blood pressure at a specific heart rate
d. ensure that participants exercise at maximal capacity

A

a. regulate exercise intensity

64
Q

Patients with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity wihtout discomfort and symptoms of cardiac insufficiency may be present even at rest. Based on the description above, identify what level for the functional classification of heart disease.
a. Class 1
b. Class 2
c. Class 3
d. Class 4

A

d. Class 4

65
Q

Patients with cardiac disease but without resulting limitations of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain. Identify what level for the functional classification of heart disease.
a. Class 1
b. Class 2
c. Class 3
d. Class 4

A

a. Class 1

66
Q

A 35 y.o. male hypertensive patient is scheduled for lower level of exercise. Before the therapy starts, the PT took his BP 210/100. The patient also states that he is feeling dizzy and he wasn’t able to take his anti hypertensive drugs. What is the best course of action?
a. terminate the exercise
b. continue the exercise
c. call the nurse
d. call the doctor

A

a. terminate the exercise

67
Q

A 55 y.o. male is complaining of shortness of breath and easy fatiguability. Patient went to his cardiologist and diagnostic procedures were done. The cardiac catherization shows that there is an atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery as a result there is reduced blood flow in the myocardium. Which of the following best describes this patient condition?
a. ischemic heart disease
b. cardiac decompensation
c. pericarditis
d. none of the choices

A

a. ischemic heart disease

68
Q

Involves narrowing of a heart valve limiting the flow of blood through the veins.
a. prolapse
b. stenosis
c. regurgitation
d. AOTA

A

b. stenosis

69
Q

Involves enlarged valve cusps that become floppy and bulge backward.
a. prolapse
b. stenosis
c. regurgitation
d. AOTA

A

a. prolapse

70
Q

Angina occurs during exercise or activity.
a. nocturnal angina
b. unstable angina
c. stable angina
d. Prinzmetal angina

A

c. stable angina

70
Q

Refers to the backward and forward movement of blood resulting from incompetent valve closure.
a. prolapse
b. stenosis
c. regurgitation
d. AOTA

A

a. prolapse

71
Q

Vasospasm of coronary arteries in the absence of occlusive disease.
a. nocturnal angina
b. unstable angina
c. stable angina
d. Prinzmetal angina

A

d. Prinzmetal angina

72
Q

The increased fluid in the lungs produces the two hallmark pulmonary signs of left sided heart failure.
a. SOB and wheezes
b. SOB and cough
c. cough and pleuritis
d. cough and bronchitis

A

b. SOB and cough

73
Q

A 37 y.o. male patient hast unstable angina. His discomfort is unrelieved by rest or nitrates. What should the therapist expect when it comes to the duration of this angina?
a. may last for up to 20 to 30 mins
b. may last for 5 mins only
c. may last for 10 to 15 mins
d. may last for 1 to 5 mins

A

a. may last for up to 20 to 30 mins

74
Q

A 40 y.o. male patient status post MI with DM is about to enter the cardiac rehab program. What should be the best tool to use while observing this patient during exercise?
a. Thalium stress test
b. ECG
c. graded exercise test
d. NOTA

A

b. ECG

75
Q

___ cardiac rehab uses a team approach based on activity progression, patient education and ECG monitoring.
a. inpatient
b. outpatient
c. maintenance
d. AOTA

A

a. inpatient

76
Q

In this level the patient requires a slow progression to upright posture, the use of a reclining chair is a way to gradually assume the upright position.
a. Phase 1 Level 1
b. Phase 1 Level 2
c. Phase 1 Level 3
d. Phase 1 Level 4

A

b. Phase 1 Level 2

77
Q

Ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta to the pulmonary trunk under a higher pressure.
a. septal defect
b. pericarditis
c. PDA
d. coarctation of aorta

A

c. PDA

78
Q

Symptom of inadequate heart function in babies with congenital heart disease; the infant’s skin appears blue because of low oxygen levels in the blood in peripheral blood vessels.
a. SOB
b. edema
c. orthopnea
d. cyanosis

A

d. cyanosis

79
Q

A patient is 4 weeks post MI. Resistive training using weights to improve muscular strength and endurance is appropriate.
a. If exercise intensities are kept below 85% maximal voluntary contraction.
b. If exercise capacity is greater than 5 METS with no angina symptoms/ST segment depression.
c. During all phases of rehabilitation if judicious monitoring of HR is used.
d. Only during post acute phase 3 cardiac rehabilitation.

A

b. If exercise capacity is greater than 5 METS with no angina symptoms/ST segment depression.

80
Q

A patient is entering a cardiac rehabilitation program. The physical therapist should first ask the patient to:
a. Describe the correct aspects of exercise demonstrated by the therapist.
b. List problems associated with poor nutritional habits.
c. Identify the harmful effects of smoking with regards to cardiac disease.
d. Describe the type of angina that the patient experiences.

A

d. Describe the type of angina that the patient experiences.

81
Q

An elderly patient has a history of two MI and one episode of recent CHF. The patient also has claudication in the right calf during an exercise tolerance test. An initial exercise prescription that best deals with these problems is walking
a. 5x/week using continuous training for 60 mins.
b. 3x/week using continuous training for 40 mins sessions
c. daily, using interval training for 10-15 min periods
d. 3x/week using interval training for 30 mins

A

c. daily, using interval training for 10-15 min periods

82
Q

When conducting a bicycle ergometer test on a patient with history of MI and diabetes, it is most important to monitor
a. angina level via angina scale
b. exertional level on the borg scale
c. percent of age predicted HR
d. rhythm of 12 lead ECG

A

d. rhythm of 12 lead ECG

83
Q

Chest pain that increases in severity, frequency, and duration, and is refractory to treatment.
a. nocturnal angina
b. unstable angina
c. stable angina
d. Prinzmetal angina

A

b. unstable angina

84
Q

Increased pressure within the pulmonary artery subsequently increases the afterload. Thereby, placing greater demands on the RV and causing it to go into failure.
a. first statement is true, second statement is false
b. first statement is false, second statement is true
c. both statements are true
d. both statements are false

A

c. both statements are true

85
Q

A patient is recovering from open heart surgery CABG. The PT supervising the patient’s outpatient exercise program at 8 weeks postsurgery recognizes that resistance training with moderate to heavy weights.
a. is absolutely contraindicated
b. should include upper body exercises only
c. should be based on 60% to 80% one repletion maximum initially
d. should be avoided during the first 3 months

A

d. should be avoided during the first 3 months

86
Q

Class 3 level for the functional classification of the heart disease, describe as:
a. Patients with cardiac disease but without resulting limitations of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain. Identify what level for the functional classification of heart disease.
b. Patients with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain.
c. Patient with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of physical activity. Less than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain.
d. Patients with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort and symptoms of cardiac insufficiency may be present even at rest.

A

c. Patient with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of physical activity. Less than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain.

87
Q

Class 2 level for the functional classification of the heart disease, describe as:
a. Patients with cardiac disease but without resulting limitations of physical activity. Ordinary physcial activity does not cause fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain. Identify what level for the functional classification of heart disease.
b. Patients with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain.
c. Patient with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of physical activity. Less than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitation dyspnea or anginal pain.
d. Patients with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort and symptoms of cardiac insufficiency may be present even at rest.

A

b. Patients with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain.

88
Q

Hole in the septum between the lft and right sides of the heart, allowing blood to flow from one side of the heart to the other and greatly reducing the heart’s pumping effectiveness.
a. septal defect
b. pericarditis
c. MVP
d. NOTA

A

a. septal defect

89
Q

A patient with RV failure shows that blood is not effectively ejected from the RV and backs up in the RA and venous vasculature. What are the verifying symptoms for a right sided heart failure?
a. odynophagia, achalasia, bloody stool
b. numbness, paresthesia, tetany
c. peripheral signs such as jugular venous distention and peripheral edema
d. high grade fever, nausea, jaundice

A

c. peripheral signs such as jugular venous distention and peripheral edema

90
Q

A patient is diagnosed to have a CHF. Which of the following best describes this condition?
a. the heart is able to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body (determined as oxygen consumption) at rest or during exercise, even though filling pressures are adequate
b. the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body) determined as oxygen consumption) at rest or during exercise, even though filling pressure are adequate
c. inflammation of the pericardium that leads to a decrease in the pericardial fluid
d. inflammation of the pericardium that leads to an increase in the pericardial fluid

A

b. the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body) determined as oxygen consumption) at rest or during exercise, even though filling pressure are adequate

a: N

91
Q

Patient A (low risk and uncomplicated) has a resting HR of 65 beats per minute and achieves a maximum HR of 160 bpm during an ECG exercise test. The intensity of training following assessment has been set at 50-70% of HRR.
a. 10-112
b. 12-131
c. 112-131
d. 90-112

A

c. 112-131

Karvonen’s = MHR-RHR+RHR

92
Q

It results from a sudden decrease in coronary perfusion or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate blood supply.
a. MI
b. pericarditis
c. CHF
d. ASD

A

a. MI

93
Q

A PT working in a skilled nursing facility is treating a 37 y.o. patient following a right total knee arhtroplasty. The patient’s medical history includes left total knee arthroplasty and prior post operative deep vein thrombosis. The patient is currently taking a pain medicine and anticoagulant. What does the PT expect this patient’s MHR to be?
a. 220 bpm
b. 175 bpm
c. 200 bpm
d. 183 bpm

A

d. 183 bpm

220-age

94
Q

In this level, the patient performs LE exercises such as ankle pumps, knee extensions or marching in place.
a. Phase 1 level 1
b. Phase 1 level 2
c. Phase 1 level 3
d. Phase 1 level 4

A

b. Phase 1 level 2

95
Q

A patient was diagnosed to have a Mitral valve insufficiency. Which of the following best explains this valvular disease?
a. blood passes with difficulty from LA to LV
b. blood passes with difficulty from LV to LA
c. sudden backflow of blood from LA to LV
d. sudden backflow of blood from LV to LA

A

d. sudden backflow of blood from LV to LA

96
Q

Which of the following describes VSD?
a. abnormal opening in the atrial septum allows shunting of oxygenated blood from left atrium to mix with unoxygenated blood in right atrium
b. abnormal opening in the ventricular septum allows shunting of oxygenated blood from right atrium to mix with unoxygenated blood in left ventricle
c. abnormal opening in the atrial septum allows shunting of oxygenated blood from right atrium to mix with unoxygenated blood in left atrium
d. abnormal opening in the ventricular septum allows shunting of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to mix with unoxygenated blood in right ventricle

A

d. abnormal opening in the ventricular septum allows shunting of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to mix with unoxygenated blood in right ventricle

97
Q

A patient with chest pain from myocardial ischemia will most likely exhibit:
a. increased pain upon chest wall palpation
b. increased pain with deep breathing
c. relief with nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) ingestion
d. relief with antacid ingestion

A

c. relief with nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) ingestion

98
Q

A 47 y.o. male patient was rushed in the hospital due to increasing pain in the chest, shortness of breath, pallor, weakness, numbness and feeling of faintness. Blood works shows that there is an increase of CK-MB, Troponin I, CPK. ECG shows that there is an ST seg elevation. Based on the evaluation above, the patient is suffering from what condition?
a. MI
b. CHF
c. Pericarditis
d. Patent ductus arteriosus

A

a. MI

99
Q

Which of the following activities best describes the Phase 1 of cardiac rehab?
a. initial advice on lifestyle, e.g. smoking cessation, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption
b. risk stratification and identification of the high-, medium-, and low-risk patient for exercise
c. individualized progressive exercise prescription and supervised exercise sessions which vary from 4-12 weeks in different regions
d. none of the choices

A

a. initial advice on lifestyle, e.g. smoking cessation, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption

100
Q

The ___ generates an action potential that stimulates atrial contraction and begins the cardiac cycle.
a. sinus node
b. AV node
c. bundle of HIS
d. Purkinje fibers

A

a. sinus node

101
Q

As the atria contract, they carry out the primer pump function by forcing more blood into the ventricles. This period is referred to as:
a. passive ventricular filling
b. active ventricular filling
c. ejection
d. NOTA

A

b. active ventricular filling

102
Q

The action potential passes to the AV node, down the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers, stimulating
a. ventricular systole
b. ventricular diastole
c. ventricular filling
d. NOTA

A

a. ventricular systole

103
Q

The turbulent flow of blood into the ventricles produces a
a. first heart sound
b. second heart sound
c. third heart sound
d. fourth heart sound

A

c. third heart sound

104
Q

The movement of Na+ through the voltage-gated Na+ channels causes
a. depolarization
b. plateau
c. repolarization
d. RMP

A

a. depolarization

105
Q

The ___ contract when the ventricles contract and prevent the valves from opening into the atria by pulling on the chordae tendineae attached to the valve cusps.
a. pectinate muscles
b. trabeculae carnae
c. papillary muscle
d. AOTA

A

c. papillary muscle

106
Q

The __ are identified by the great artery in which each is located.
a. semilunar valves
b. AV valves
c. aortic and tricuspid valve
d. mitral and pulmonic valve

A

a. semilunar valves

107
Q

Depolarization
a. voltage-gated Na+ channels open, voltage-gated K+ channels close
b. voltage-gated Na+ channels close, voltage-gated K+ channels close
c. voltage-gated Na+ channels open, voltage-gated K+ channels open
d. voltage-gated Na+ channels close, voltage-gated K+ channels open

A

a. voltage-gated Na+ channels open, voltage-gated K+ channels close

108
Q

Increased venous return
I. increases EDV
II. increases preload
III. decreases EDV
IV. decreases preload

a. only I
b. I & II
c. I, II, III
d. only II

A

b. I & II

109
Q

During exercise, the heart rate can increase to 190 bpm, and the stroke volume can increase to 115 mL. Consequently, cardiac output is
a. 19 L/min
b. 30 L/min
c. 22 L/min
d. NOTA

A

c. 22 L/min

110
Q

Degree of tension on the muscle when it begins to contract, which is called the
a. preload
b. afterload
c. cardiac output
d. stroke volume

A

a. preload

111
Q

The load against which the muscle exerts its contractile force, which is called the
a. preload
b. afterload
c. cardiac output
d. stroke volume

A

b. afterload

112
Q

The pointed end of the heart is the apex, which is directed __
a. anteriorly, superiorly, to the right
b. anteriorly, inferiorly, to the left
c. posteriorly, inferiorly, to the right
d. posteriorly, inferiorly to the left

A

d. posteriorly, inferiorly to the left

113
Q

Point of Maximal impulse
a. this is where the contraction of the RA is more pronounced
b. this is where the contraction of the RV is more pronounced
c. this is where the contraction of the LA is more pronouned
d. this is where the contraction of the LV is more pronounced

A

d. this is where the contraction of the LV is more pronounced

114
Q

Between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium is a closed space filled with pericardial fluid which serves as a ___
a. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to slide past one another
b. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to contract to one another
c. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to stay on one another
d. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to rise on one another

A

a. lubricant allowing the two surfaces to slide past one another

115
Q

The primary function of the atrioventricular valves is to prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular
a. relaxation
b. contraction
c. both
d. nota

A

b. contraction

116
Q

During diastole, the ventricles fill with blood from atria via open ___
a. tricuspid and pulmonic valve
b. mitral and aortic valve
c. tricuspid and mitral valve
d. pulmonic and aortic valve

A

c. tricuspid and mitral valve

117
Q

The volume of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction
a. stroke volume
b. cardiac output
c. cardiac input
d. stroke capacity

A

a. stroke volume

118
Q

Depicts sinus node and atrial depolarization
a. QRS complexes
b. ST seg
c. P wave
d. T wave

A

c. P wave

119
Q

Denotes electrical flow through the ventricles causing ventricular depolarization
a. QRS complexes
b. ST seg
c. P wave
d. T wave

A

a. QRS complexes

120
Q

Illustrates the completion of ventricular repolarization
a. QRS complexes
b. ST seg
c. P wave
d. T wave

A

d. T wave

121
Q

Describes the initiation of ventricular repolarization
a. QRS complexes
b. ST seg
c. P wave
d. T wave

A

b. ST seg

122
Q

Blood moves forward from the RA through the __ valve to the RV.
a. tricuspid valve
b. pulmonic valve
c. aortic valve
d. mitral valve

A

a. tricuspid valve

123
Q

Newly oxygenated blood within the pulmonary veins travels to the LA and passes through the __ valve into the LV
a. tricuspid valve
b. pulmonic valve
c. aortic valve
d. mitral valve

A

d. mitral valve

124
Q

Blood within the LV travels down to the apex, where it is squeezed in a wringing motion during systole and moved from the apex to the LV outflow tract and finally out through the __ valve to the aorta
a. tricuspid valve
b. pulmonic valve
c. aortic valve
d. mitral valve

A

c. aortic valve

125
Q

SV will __ with an increase in afterload
a. increase
b. decrease
c. both
d. no change

A

b. decrease

126
Q

Visceral pericardium
a. epicardium
b. endocardium
c. myocardium
d. AOTA

A

a. epicardium

127
Q

Heart rate less than 60 bpm
a. tachycardia
b. bradycardia
c. ventricular fibrillation
d. PVC

A

b. bradycardia

128
Q

A low-pitched sound, often described as “lubb”
a. first heart sound
b. second heart sound
c. third heart sound
d. fourth heart sound

A

a. first heart sound

129
Q

Higher-pitched sound often described as “dubb”
a. first heart sound
b. second heart sound
c. third heart sound
d. fourth heart sound

A

b. second heart sound

130
Q

It is caused by blood flowing in a turbulent fashion into the ventricles, and it can be detected during passive ventricular filling
a. first heart sound
b. second heart sound
c. third heart sound
d. fourth heart sound

A

c. third heart sound

131
Q

Cardiac output is also influenced by
a. BP
b. MAP
c. HR
d. NOTA

A

c. HR

132
Q

The extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched
a. preload
b. no load
c. afterload
d. AOTA

A

a. preload

133
Q

The plateau exists because voltage gated Ca2+ channels remain
a. close
b. open
c. both
d. NOTA

A

b. open

134
Q

The bundle of His give rise to __ which supply the ventricles
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. bundle of His
d. purkinje fibers

A

d. purkinje fibers

135
Q

Under resting conditions, the HR is approximately 72bpm, and the stroke volume is approximately 7mL/beat. The CO is:
a. 5L
b. 5mL
c. 22mL
d. 22L

A

d. 22L

136
Q

Forms the apex of the heart:
a. LA
b. LV
c. RA
d. RV

A

b. LV

137
Q

During phase 0 of the cardiac action potential, there is rapid influx of this ion:
a. sodium
b. oxygen
c. hydrogen
d. potassium
e. calcium

A

a, sodium

138
Q

This opening existed in the fetal heart:
a. fossa ovalis
b. foraman ovale
c. foramen ovale
d. B and C

A

c. foramen ovale

139
Q

The descending aorta will turn into
a. thoracic aorta
b. common carotid artery
c. subclavian artery
d. NOTA

A

a. thoracic aorta

140
Q

As the ventricles continue to relax, the pressure falls quickly. When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure, the AV valves open, and __ begins.
a. ventricular filling
b. isovolumetric contraction
c. ejection phase
d. AOTA

A

a. ventricular filling

141
Q

The large diameter __ rapidly conduct the action potential beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium.
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. Bundle of his
d. Purkinje fibers

A

a. SA node

142
Q

The base of the heart is its posterior surface. It is formed by the atria (upper chambers) of the heart, mostly the left atrium.
a. first statement is true, second statement false
b. first statement is false, second statement true
c. both statements are true
d. both statements are false

A

c. both statements are true

143
Q

The heart does not eject all of the blood it contains during systole. Instead, a small volume called the __
a. EDV
b. ESV
c. SV
d. CO

A

b. ESV

144
Q

As afterload increases, the SV ejected by the ventricles __
a. increases
b. decreases
c. no change
d. AOTA

A

b. decreases

LECTURE EXAMINATIONS (17 decks)

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