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Boards > Cardiac for dummies > Flashcards

Cardiac for dummies Flashcards

1
Q

If a patient doesn’t tolerate an ace inhibitor, you can next try them on an_______. This class of medication should NEVER be given in combination with an ACE inhibitor.

A

ARBs

-sartans (losartan)

for people who don’t tolerate ACE inhibitors

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2
Q

First line agents for HTN are:

A

thiazide diuretics

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3
Q

SBP >180 or DBP>110 is hypertensive____

and is treated with ______

A

urgency

oral antiHTN

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4
Q

swelling of the optic disc with blurred margins

A

papilledema

emergency, requires IV antiHTN and BP monitoring

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5
Q

What EKG changes are seen with classic anginal pain?

A

ST depression

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6
Q

stable/exertional angina

A

chest pain with exertion

goes away with NTG/rest

typically ST depression

tightness pain of chest

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7
Q

Printzmetals angina is caused by:

A

vasospasm

(NOT BY CAD, these people have a clean angio)

treated with calcium channel blockers

typically ST elevation on EKG

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8
Q

Levine’s sign is more than 90% diagnostic of angina.

Levine’s sign is when:

A

the patient has their hand clenched over their chest

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9
Q

What is normal total cholesterol?

A

<200

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10
Q

What is normal triglycerides?

A

<150

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11
Q

What is optimal LDL?

A

<100

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12
Q

When is HDL high?

A

>60

this is good bc it cancels the preHTN risk

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13
Q

Patients with angina should modify their diet by decreasing:

A

saturated and unsaturated fats

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14
Q

30% of patients with MI have no initial _____ changes

A

12-lead EKG

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15
Q

Which troponin is 100% cardio selective?

A

troponin I

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16
Q

Per Barkley, the treatment for acute MI IN ORDER is:

A

1st ASA

2nd nitro

(unblock the vessel before trying to get O2 to it)

3rd oxygen

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17
Q

What is the timeframe for cardiac fibrinolytics?

A

30 minutes of chest pain, within 6 hours of onset

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18
Q

Why do patients with claudication need to exercise?

A

To develop collateral circulation

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19
Q

What is first line therapy for dermatitis?

A

wet compress and hydrocortisone

(NOT antibiotics)

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20
Q

What is the leading cause of heart failure in America?

A

HTN

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21
Q

What heart sound is heard suring systole and is the closing of the AV valves?

A

S1

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22
Q

What heart sound is head during diastole and is the closing of the pulmonic and aortic valves?

A

S2

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23
Q

Name three causes of S3?

A

pregnancy (normal)

CHF

fluid overload

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24
Q

Name three causes of S4?

A

HTN

stiff ventricular wall

MI

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25
Q

Which heart sound sounds like Kentucky?

A

S3

26
Q

Which heart sound sounds like Tennessee?

A

S4

27
Q

What is the grading system for cariac murmurs 0-6/6?

A

1/6 very faint

2/6 faint

3/6 AUDIBLE

4/6 AUDIBLE + THRILL you can feel

5/6 part of stethascope off

6/6 from the door

28
Q

If you hear a low-pitched diaslotic murmur at the APEX, apical crescendo, what is it?

*remember APEX is the bottom = mitral

*MS ARD

A

mitral stenosis

29
Q

A systolic cardiac murmur at the 5th ICS MCL (apex), radiates to left axilla, blowing, musical.

*MR ASS

*radiates to left axilla

A

mitral regurg

30
Q

systolic murmur, right 2nd ICS, radiates to the neck

*MR ASS

A

aortic stenosis

31
Q

diastolic murmur at 2nd left ICS (base)

MS ARD

A

aortic regurg

32
Q

MS ARD

MR ASS

A

Mitral stenosis

Aortic regurg

Diastolic

mitral regurg

aortic stenosis

systolic

33
Q

According to Dr. Barkley, standard pharmacologic treatment for heart failure includes:

A

ace-inhibitors and thiazide diuretics

34
Q

Beta blockers can cause what pulmonary side effect?

A

wheezing

35
Q

Name 3 Secondary causes of HTN

A

Renal failure

renal artery stenosis

pheochromocytoma

hyperthyroidism

36
Q

NYHA functional classifications of heart failure

A

I: no limitations of physical activity

II: slight limitations of physical activity but comfortable at rest

III: marked limitations of funcitonal activity but comfortable at rest

IV: severe; inability to carry out any physical activity without discomfort, signs and symptoms while at rest

37
Q

A patient with what NYHA classification will need pillows for orthopnea at night?

A

Class 4 because they have signs and symptoms while at rest

38
Q

What differentiates NYHA HF class II from Class III?

A

both are comfortable at rest,

but class II has SLIGHT limitations of physical activity

and class III has MARKED limitation of physical activity

39
Q

Name three signs/symptoms of HTN

A

S4 (r/t ventricular hypertrophy and stiff ventricular wall)

suboccopital pulsing HA

epistaxis

*often silent killer without any signs and symptoms

40
Q

How does the use of NSAIDS exacerbate HTN?

A

bc they effect prostaglandins and the kidneys

41
Q

A chest x-ray of a patient with HF may show what three things?

A

pulmonary edema

Kerley B lines

effusions

42
Q

According to JNC 8 recommendations, pharmacologic treatment for HTN in African-Americans includes which two drugs first?

A

1st thiazide diuretics

2nd calcium channel blockers

43
Q

According to JNC 8, goal BP for a patient 60 or older is:

A

SBP<150

DBP<90

44
Q

According to JNC 8, goal DBP for any adult regardless of age is:

A

DBP<90

45
Q

According to JNC 8, goal BP for patients less than 60 is

A

SBP<140

DBP<90

46
Q

According to JNC 8, the goal BP for any adult with CKD or DM

A

SBP<140

DPB<90

47
Q

According to JNC 8, what is the drug class of choice for the treatment of HTN for adults with CKD regardless of race or other medical conditions?

A

ACE inhibitor

ARB if they don’t tolerate ACE

*never ACE-I and ARB together

48
Q

According to JNC 8, when do you refer a patient to a HTN specialist?

A

if 3 or more drugs are needed

49
Q

How do Thiazide diuretics work to reduce morbidity and mortality and patients with HTN and what are their side effects?

A

Thiazide diuretics increase the exrection of sodium AND water

they may cause hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomangesemia, HYPERcalcemia and Hyperglycemia

50
Q

ACE inhibitors (or ARBs if ACE not tolerated) are recommended 1st line for the treatment of HTN in patients with CKD despite age or ethnicity. What female condition and what electrolyte imbalance is an ACE-I/ARB contraindicated in?

A

ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy

Do not initiate ACE-I if K>5.5

51
Q

What anti-HTN drug class should be avoided in patients with asthma/COPD?

A

beta blockers because beta 2 stimulates bronchoconstriction and can cause wheezing

52
Q

What antiHTN class is used for Printzmetal’s angina and migraines?

A

calcium channel blockers

53
Q

What central alpha-2 agonist is the drug of choice in pregnancy and can also be used in Parkinsons?

A

methyldopa (aldomet)

54
Q

If you see a patient with BP >180/120 and fondoscopic changes which include flame-shaped retinal hemorrhages, soft exudates, and papilledema (swelling of the optic disk with blurred margins), what is the diagnosis and how long do you have to correct the BP?

A

hypertensive emergency/malignant HTN

within 1-2 hours redue BP by 25%

55
Q

Satins are contraindicated in patients with

A

liver disease

56
Q

If you diagnose a patient with angina, what medication would you prescribe daily

A

ASA 81mg PO daily

57
Q

When treating a patient with statin therapy, which level are you targeting?

A

the goal of statin therapy is to reduce the LDL by at least 50%

58
Q

If you have a patient with liver problems who can’t take statins, what is a cheap pharmacologic treatment option that decreases LDL and increases HDL?

A

niacin

59
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are:

A

statins

60
Q

Exam findings/signs of MI

A

S4

low grade fever 48 hours

Troponin I elevate within 4-6 hours

leukocystosis 10-20 on the second day due to inflamation/damage of the necrotic tissue

61
Q
A

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