Cardiac Congenital Abnormalities

Question 1

What are the three main types of congenital cardiac abnormalities?

Answer 1

L to R shunt, R to L shunt, obstructions

Question 2

What does it mean to describe “blue babies” vs “blue kids” clinically?

Answer 2

blue babies have congenital abnormalities which will cause cyanosis immediately or shortly after birth (R to L shunt) while blue kids have congenital abnormalities that cause cyanosis later in life (L to R shunt)

Question 3

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

Answer 3

VSD

Question 4

Which L to R shunts are associated with Down’s syndrome?

Answer 4

ASD and VSD

Question 5

Re-absorption of the primary septum, not enough secondary septum, not enough primary septum, and cyanosis venousus (?) are causes of what congenital cardiac defect?

Answer 5

ASD

Question 6

What are the main complications of ASD and how do you prevent them?

Answer 6

pulmonary HTN leads to cyanosis and RV cardiac failure
and paradoxical embolism,
surgical closure

Question 7

What are the causes of VSD?

Answer 7

not enough endocardial cushion to make up the membranous or muscular portions of the inter-ventricular septum

Question 8

What L to R shunt defect is associated with maternal Rubella?

Answer 8

Patent ductus arteriosus- closes by itself by day 30 usually

Question 9

Describe some of the complications of PDA and how to treat it

Answer 9

blood flows from aorta to PA, cardiac enlargement, increased pulmonary vascularity, machinery-like “thrill” sound, more common infectious endocarditis;
tx w/ surgery, catheter insertion of occluder, if infant/premie use ibuprofen to block PGE2 to fibrose the duct

Question 10

Name the three R to L “blue baby” congenital abnormalities

Answer 10

tetralogy of fallot
transposition of great arteries
persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 11

Which defects are associated with di george syndrome?

Answer 11

Tetralogy of fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 12

Transposition of the great arteries is fatal upon birth unless what other defect is present?

Answer 12

PDA

Question 13

What is the cause of TGA?

Answer 13

aortico-pulmonary septum doesn’t spiral

Question 14

Failure of aortico pulmonary septum to form VSD are causes for what R to L shunt defect?

Answer 14

persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 15

TGA is associated with what maternal condition?

Answer 15

diabetes

Question 16

Turner’s syndrome is associated with what congenital cardiac obstruction?

Answer 16

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 17

What are the main clinical signs for coarctation of the aorta and treatments?

Answer 17

increased BP in arms while decreased in legs, notched ribs from increased intercostal blood flow, early CHF, CVA or rupture
tx exicision with bypass or balloon angioplasty

Question 18

What congenital cardiac defect is caused by an asymmetrical spiraling of the aorticopulmoary septum and is associated with Marfan’s syndrome?

Answer 18

pulmonary/aortic stenosis/atresia

usu lower body cyanosis

Question 19

What are the causes of tetralogy of fallot and what is it?

Answer 19

VSD, pulmonary stenosis, ovverriding aorta, RV hypertrophy leads to murmur/paradoxical embolism/infective endocarditis