cardiac

Question 1

beta adrenergic vs beta blockers

Answer 1

BA: heart is failing, increase contractility
blocker: heart is working too hard, decrease contractility

Question 2

vasodilators indications

Answer 2

HTN, HF

Question 3

Vasodilators MOA

Answer 3

smooth muscle relaxation
dilates peripheral BVs
reduces reload and afterload

Question 4

Cardiac glycosides indications

Answer 4

HF

stabilize dysrhythmias

Question 5

cardiac glycosides (+) vs (-)

Answer 5

(+) inotrope: increase contractility

(-) chronotrope: slows HR

Question 6

cardiac glycosides MOA

Answer 6

blocks sodium potassium pump

Question 7

HTN is life threatening when diastolic is over…

Answer 7

120 mmHg

Question 8

management of hypertensive emergency

Answer 8

administer fast acting vasodilators

Nitroprusside sodium

Question 9

Nitroprusside sodium MOA

Answer 9

(for HTN emergency)

Donates nitric oxide

vasodilator

Question 10

L vs R sided HF

Answer 10

L: blood cant pump into vasculature, backs up in pulmonary veins, elevated pulmonary pressure and pulmonary edema

R: RV cant pump blood to pulmonary artery, blood backs up into periphery

Question 11

R sided HF S/S

Answer 11

Systemic HTN
Hepatosplenomegaly ]
Peripheral edema
Ascites
Neck vein distension

Question 12

L sided HF S/S

Answer 12

SOB
Tachypnea >60
Orthopnea
cough, hoarseness
cyanosis
wheezing, grunting

Question 13

How does the body naturally respond to decreased CO?

Answer 13

Increased HR

Increased BP

Increased blood volume

(retains salts and fluids)

Question 14

What classes of meds are used to suppress body’s response to decreased CO?

Answer 14

ACE inhibitors
ARBs 
Vasodilators
Diuretics
Beta Blockers

Question 15

What drug classes can be used to treat HF?

Answer 15

Cardiac glycosides

beta blockers

ace inhibitors

ARBS

CCB

Diuretics

Question 16

digitalis toxicity

Answer 16

toxic drug effects from administration of digoxin

Question 17

Digitalis toxicity S\S

Answer 17

halos/rings of light in vision, yellow/green vision
SOB
Arrhythmia
N/V
diarrhea
anorexia
headache
dizziness

Question 18

What do we need to do before administering digoxin?

Answer 18

Assess EF

monitor apical pulse for 60 secs (withhold if HR is <60 bpm)

Question 19

High risk for digitalis toxicity

Answer 19

Kidney failure, using diuretics

Question 20

Tx of digitalis toxicity

Answer 20

digibind - digoxin specific antibiodies

Question 21

how to assess for digitalis toxicity

Answer 21

blood test

Question 22

Healthy EF

Answer 22

<60% assessed with echocardiogram

Question 23

What to assess before giving cardiac meds

Answer 23

HR and BP

Question 24

MI tx goals

Answer 24

restore blood supply to heart
reduce myocardial O2 demand
control dysrhythmias
reduce post-MI mortality
manage pain and anxiety

Question 25

Meds to restore blood supply to heart

Answer 25

Thrombolytics | organic nitrates

Question 26

Meds to reduce myocardial O2 demand

Answer 26

beta blockers

Question 27

Meds to control MI-associated dysrhythmias

Answer 27

Beta blockers | CCB

Question 28

Meds to reduce post-MI mortality

Answer 28

ASA | ACE inhibitors

Question 29

Meds to manage MI pain and anxiety

Answer 29

Analgesics

Question 30

Thrombolytics MOA

Answer 30

stimulates formation of plasmin to break down fibrin (dissolves clots)

Question 31

Assessment during thrombolytic therapy

Answer 31

VS | Neurological status

Question 32

Organic nitrates example

Answer 32

Nitroglycerin

Question 33

Organic nitrates MOA

Answer 33

donates nitric oxide (vasodilator)

Question 34

Organic Nitrates adverse affects

Answer 34

headache, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, nausea

Question 35

Bradykinin

Answer 35

vasodilator that increases permeability and causes inflammation

Question 36

ACE inhibitors adverse affects

Answer 36

``` cough (no breakdown of bradykinin) hypotension fatigue dizziness headache ```

Question 37

ARBS adverse effects

Answer 37

hypotension dizziness hyperkalemia headaches

Question 38

beta blockers adverse effects

Answer 38

bradycardia hypotension bronchospasm hypoglycemia

Question 39

vasodilators adverse effects

Answer 39

hypotension reflex tachycardia fluid retention

Question 40

Diuretics MOA

Answer 40

decrease sodium reabsorption

Question 41

Diuretics adverse affects

Answer 41

dizziness headache dehydration

Question 42

Cardiac glycosides adverse affects

Answer 42

``` malaise SOB N/V headache, dizziness yellow/green tint, halos bradycardia ```

Question 43

ex of cardiac glucosides

Answer 43

digoxin

Question 44

Diuretics example

Answer 44

furosemide (Lasix)

Question 45

Anticoagulant

Answer 45

inhibits coagulation cascade | prevents clotting

Question 46

Antiplatelet

Answer 46

reduces tendency for platelets to stick together and form a clot

Question 47

Prothrombin time (PT) test

Answer 47

measures how long it takes blood to clot via extrinsic pathway

Question 48

Activated partial thromboplastin clotting time (aPTT) test

Answer 48

measures how long it takes blood to clot via the intrinsic pathway

Question 49

international normalized (INR) test

Answer 49

ensure that PT test results are standardized and accurate

Question 50

intrinsic clotting pathway

Answer 50

activated by contact with damaged BVs

Question 51

Extrinsic clotting pathway

Answer 51

activated by tissue factors released after external damage

Question 52

food to avoid taking when on anticoagulants

Answer 52

Vit K rich foods

Question 53

Natural anticoagulents

Answer 53

turmeric ginger cayenne peppers

Question 54

fluid restriction for HF is

Answer 54

1.5-2L/day

Question 55

when to report weight gain

Answer 55

over 2 kg over 3 days