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CLIN CHEM LAB > CARBOHYDRATE: LABORATORY APPLICATIONS > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATE: LABORATORY APPLICATIONS Flashcards

1
Q

11% lower than serum or plasma

A

Whole blood

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2
Q

reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions forming
cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

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3
Q

____________can be separated within 30 minutes

A

Serum

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4
Q

Most of the laboratory hospitals are using _____ and __________ in
glucose determination

A

plasma and serum

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5
Q

___________are not accepted in the lab because it is
mandated under the code of ethics to release accurate and
precise results in accordance with the quality assurance and
quality control in the laboratory

A

hemolyzed

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6
Q

________is present in the gray tube which is used for
glucose determination

A

sodium flouride

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7
Q
  • Sodium fluoride inhibits the glycolytic enzyme called the __________ which acts as an anticoagulant
A

Enolase

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8
Q

__________ decreases serum glucose by approximately _________hour __________ in normal uncentrifuged coagulated
blood at room temperature

A

Glycolysis - 5% - 7% in 1 hour (5 to 10 mg/L)

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9
Q

In separated, non-hemolyzed sterile serum, stable as long as ____________

A

8 hours at 25°C and up to 72 hours at 4°C.

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10
Q

Serum w/o bacterial contamination and without leukocytosis
(increased WBCs) =

A

up to 90 minutes delay

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11
Q

Give me the possible samples

A

Whole blood
Plasma
Serum
Cerebrospinal fluid
Pleural Fluid
Urine

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12
Q

stable up to 48 hrs

A
  • Serum or Plasma:
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13
Q

2mg Na fluoride per mL of whole blood (48 hrs)

A

Whole blood

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14
Q

There are 2 glucose methodologies

A
  1. Chemical method
  2. Enzymatic method
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15
Q

๏We do not accept unhemolyzed venous plasma/serum

A

Serum

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16
Q

give me the four alkaline copper reduction method

A
  1. Folin Wu Method
  2. Nelson’s Somogyis method
  3. Neocuproine method
  4. Benedicts method
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17
Q

Alkaline ferric reduction method

A

a. Hagedom method
B. Condesation method
a. Dubowski method

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18
Q

give me the formula of oxidation reduction method

A

k

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19
Q

The glucose reduces cupric ions present in the alkaline
copper reagent to cuprous ions or the cupric sulfate is
converted to cuprous oxide which reduces the
phosphomolybdic acid to phosphomolybdous acid

A

a. Folin Wu Method

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20
Q

Give me the formula of folin wu method

A

k

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21
Q

folin wu method color

A

BLUE

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22
Q

● Sugars with reducing properties are rising out
of the presence of the potential aldehyde or
keto group called

A

reducing sugars

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23
Q

Example of reducing sugar

A

Glucose, Galactose, Lactose, Maltose

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24
Q

One of the classical and widely used methods for the
quantitative determination of the reducing sugars

A

Nelson Somogyi Method

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25
Q
  • The reducing sugars when heated with the alkaline copper
    tartrate reduce copper from the cupric state and cuprous
    oxide is formed
A

Nelson somogyi method

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26
Q

When cuprous oxide is heated with arsenomolybdate, there
will be reduction of _________ which has
the color blue

A

molybdic acid to molybdenum

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27
Q

(2,9 Dimethyl 1,10 Phenanthroline Hydrochloride)]\

A

Neucoproine Method

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28
Q

The copper in oxidation state reacts with neocuproine
forming a ____________

A

Complex - neuocuproine method

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29
Q

this complex is extracted into a
________________ giving a yellow or yellow-orange solution

A

chloroform methanol mixture

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30
Q
  • Used for detection and quantitation of reducing substances
    in body fluids like blood and urine
A

Benedicts method

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31
Q
  • Used citrate or tartrate as stabilizing agent
A

Benedict’s Method

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32
Q
  • Used to test for simple carbohydrates
A

Benedict’s Method

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33
Q

Colometric

A

Dye

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34
Q
  • Identifies reducing sugars (ex. Monosaccharides and some
    disaccharides which have 3 ketone or aldehyde functional
    groups)
A

Benedicts method

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35
Q
  • Can be used for identification of glucose in the urine
A

Benedicts Method

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36
Q
  • It has a principle that when the reducing sugars are mixed
    with the Benedict’s reagent and heated, a reduction
    reaction causes the benedict’s reagent to _________
A

Change color

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37
Q
  • Color varies from ___________, rusty brown =
    depending on the amount of sugar
A

green to brick red

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38
Q

___________are easily oxidized to yield
carboxylic acid

A
  • Fehling’s Test - aldolases
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39
Q

____________ is reduced to
cuprous oxide forming the product of brick red color

A
  • Cupric ion complex with tartrate ion
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40
Q

Reducing _________ and ________are chemical
compounds that can be oxidized by reducing other

A

sugars and aldehydes

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41
Q
  • Benedict’s solution contains the ___________
A

Cu 2+ citrate

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42
Q

Fehling’s solution contains the _____________

A

Cu 2+ tartrate

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43
Q
  • It involves reduction of yellow ferricyanide to a colorless
    ferrocyanide by glucose (inverse colorimetry)
A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method (Hagedorn Jensen)

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44
Q

Condensation of glucose with primary aromatic amine in
glacial acetic acid, forming an equilibrium mixture of a
glycosylamine and the corresponding Schiff base

A
  • Ortho-toluidine (Dubowski Method)
45
Q

Glucose in a PFF (3% TCA) reacts to OToluidine in hot acidic solution will yield a GREEN colored
compound with maximum absorbance at 630 nm

A

Dubowski method

46
Q

Dubowski method color is ________

47
Q

Acts on glucose but not on other sugars and reducing
substances

A

ENZYMATIC METHODS

48
Q

______________ is the most specific enzyme reacting only with
B-D-glucose

A

Glucose oxidase method

49
Q

_____________converts B-D-glucose gluconic acid and the
oxygen is consumed and H2O2 is being produced

A

Glucose oxidase method

50
Q

colorimetric glucose oxidase method AKA

A

Saifer Gerstenfield method

51
Q

is used to catalyze the second reaction.

A

● Horseradish peroxidase

52
Q

Shift in the absorbance can be monitored
spectrophotometrically and its proportional to the
amount present in the specimen
This couple reaction is known as the ____________

A

trinder reaction.

53
Q

Peroxidase couple reaction used glucose oxidase
method is subject to _______________

A

+ and - interference

54
Q

Strong oxidizing substances, such as ___________, can cause falsely increased values

55
Q

Increased levels of ___________
can cause falsely decreased values as a result of these
substances being oxidized by peroxidase, which then
prevents the oxidation and detection of the chromogen.

A

uric acid, bilirubin, and ascorbic acid

56
Q

In benedicts test blue color is

57
Q

is used to oxidize a dye compound to commonly
chromogens are used in this type of method

58
Q

Measures rate of oxygen consumption which is proportional to
glucose concentration

A

Polarographic Glucose Oxidase

59
Q

in the absorbance can be monitored
spectrophotometrically and its proportional to the amount
present in the specimen

A

shift - CGOM

60
Q

Glucose oxidase in the reagent catalyzes the oxidation of
glucose by oxygen under first order conditions, forming

A

hydrogen peroxide

61
Q

___________ by the consumption of oxygen on an oxygensensing electrode (CGOM

A

Quantitated

62
Q

____________ is prevented from re-forming oxygen by
adding molybdate, iodide, catalase and ethanol

A

Hydrogen peroxide

63
Q

Oxygen consumption can be used to perform the direct
measurement of oxygen by ___________

A

polarographic technique.

64
Q

Must be eliminated in the side reaction to prevent the
reaction from reversing.

65
Q

Traces of reducing sugar

A

Green/yellow ppt

66
Q

More accurate than glucose oxidase method

A

HEXOKINASE METHODS

67
Q

MOST SPECIFIC GLUCOSE METHOD; REFERENCE
METHOD

A

Hexokinase methods

68
Q

Less interference

A

Hexokinase methods

69
Q

Other samples; UCS

A

Hexokinase method

70
Q

Plasma collected using heparin, EDTA, flouride, oxalate or
citrate may be used for this test

A

Hexokinase method

71
Q

in the presence of ATP converts glucose to glucose
6 phosphate

A

hexokinase method

72
Q

● glucose 6 phosphate and cofactor NADP are converted
into 6 phosphogluconate at ______ maximum absorbance
measuring the rate of appearance of NADPH and
NADPH by glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase.

73
Q

_________may cause a
false decrease in results. (Hexokinase method)

A

Gross hemolysis and extremely elevated bilirubin

74
Q

is reduced to produce a chromophore that is measured
spectrophotometrically or an electrical current

75
Q

___________ is added to shorten the time

A

Mutarotase

76
Q

_____________is touched to a drop of blood and inserted into the
meter which gives a digital reading of the blood sugar; gives the
unit of mmol/L

A

Dextrostics (cellular strip

77
Q

An enzyme-impregnated strip used with a small portable
electronic colour-measuring device for convenient estimation of
the blood sugar levels by diabetics

A

Dextrostics (cellular strip)

78
Q

The whole blood capillary glucose values obtained with
POC devices are useful for the detection of ________ and __________ in individuals with
diabetes

A

hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

79
Q
  • It should not be used to diagnose diabetes or hypoglycemic
    disorders
A

Dextrostics (cellular strips)

80
Q

used for continuous monitoring of glucose levels in people with
diabetes

A

Interstitial Glucose Measuring Device

81
Q

uses electrochemical methods to automatically and frequently
measure glucose levels in the interstitial fluid of dermis or
subcutaneous fat tissue

A

Interstitial Glucose Measuring Device

82
Q
  • Result of this test provides an idea of the glucose patterns over
    hours or days
A

Interstitial Glucose Measuring Device

83
Q

Formerly random blood sugar (RBS)

A

RANDOM PLASMA GLUCOSE

84
Q
  • Specimens collected anytime of the day
A

RANDOM PLASMA GLUCOSE

85
Q
  • Usually done in a glucometer
A

RANDOM PLASMA GLUCOSE

86
Q
  • NO NORMAL VALUES in RPG
A
  • Bcs the glucose is measured randomly
87
Q

Electrochemistry (Amperometry)

A

Principle of glucometer

88
Q

● Gluosse oxidase

A

Principle of glucometer

89
Q

● Works with the sensors or amperometry

A

Principle of glucometer

90
Q

● First step to measure the glucose in the blood is to convert
glucose concentration into voltage or amount or the current
signal

A

RANDOM PLASMA GLUCOSE

91
Q

● This is possible with the special sensor strip for amperometry

A

RANDOM PLASMA GLUCOSE

92
Q

● The sensor uses the ______________ to form part
of the electric circuit where hydrogen peroxide is electrolyzed

A

platinum or the silver electrode

93
Q

● The hydrogen peroxide is produced as a result of the oxidation
of glucose on the glucose oxide membrane and the current
flowing through the circuit provides the measurement of the
concentration of hydrogen peroxide hence giving the
concentration of glucose

A

RANDOM PLASMA GLUCOSE

94
Q
  • Formerly fasting blood sugar (FBS)
A

FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE

95
Q
  • Specimens collected after 80-10hrs fasting (new
  • guideline)
A

FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE

96
Q
  • Nothing by mouth
A

FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE

97
Q

Sometimes accept patients that have drank small amount
of water; physician must be informed

A

FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE

98
Q
  • > 7.0mml/L or > 126mg/gL diabetes mellitus (DM)
A

FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE

99
Q

To determine how well your body metabolizes glucose over
a required period of time

A
  • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
100
Q
  • 3 samples in total
A
  • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
101
Q

Test for pregnant women and older

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

102
Q

is irreversibly glycosylated at one or both Nterminal valines of the B-chains of the tetrameric
hemoglobin molecule (International Federation of
Chemistry Working Group on HBA1c

A

Hemoglobin A

103
Q

Is the largest subfraction of normal HBA involved in diabetic
and nondiabetic individuals

104
Q

Represents the weighted average of glucose levels with the
youngest erythrocytes contributing to a greater extent than
the older ones

105
Q

Glucose tolerance test in 1 hour

A

: >10.0 mmol/L (>180mg/dL)

106
Q

Glucose tolerance test in 2 hours

A

> 153 mg/dL (>8.5 mmol/L

107
Q

fasting in GTT

A

> 5.1 mmol/L (>92 mg/dL)

108
Q
  • Now the preferred test to assess glycemic control
109
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days - 3-4 months

CLIN CHEM LAB (14 decks)

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