Canine and Feline Noninfectious Diseases Flashcards
Endocrine Pancreas
Produces the hormone insulin
Diabetes Type 1
Insufficient production of insulin by beta cells
* destruction of beta cells
* often autoimmune related
* needs lifelong insulin injections
* more common in dogs
Diabetes Type 2
Insulin resistance
* beta cells still present
* insulin production not adequate
* diet change may reduce or prevent need for insulin
* most common in cats
Diabetes Clinical Signs
- Polyuria / Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
- Weight loss (previously overweight)
- Cataracts (dogs)
- Plantigrade stance (cats) - walk on heels
Diabetes Diagnosis
Blood Glucose
Elevated blood glucose with concurrent glucose in urine
* consistent and repeatable findings
* rule out stress hyperglycemia in cats
Diabetes Diagnosis
Fructosamine
Average blood glucose in past 1-2 weeks
* determines stress hyperglycemia vs diabetes in cats
Canine Diabetes Treatment
- Insulin: requires lifelong treatment
- Diet: high fiber
Feline Diabetes Treatment
- Diet: high protein, low carb (wet food)
- Insulin (if needed): can go into remission
Diabetes Monitoring
Blood Glucose Curve
* series of readings
* done 7-10 days after insulin dose change
Diabetes
Nadir
Lowest blood glucose reading
* 100-150 (under 200)
Chronic Kidney Disease
CKD
Irreversible progressive loss of kidney function
* Chronic: very slow onset
* Acute: sudden onset, may just be irritation
CKD Clinical Signs
Azotemia
Elevated BUN and Creatinine
* vomiting
* anorexia
* weight loss
CKD Clinical Signs
- Polyuria / Polydipsia
- Pale MM - decreased erythropoietin
CKD Diagnosis
- Azotemia
- Isothenuria
Isothenuria
Unable to concentrate or dilute urine
* SG = 1.008-1.012
CKD Treatment
Goal is to limit or slow progression of disease and relieve clinical signs
* Diet: low protein
* Fluids: SQ fluids
Cardiac Disease
Species Related
- Dogs = valvular disease (mitral)
- Cats = cardiomyopathy
Cardiac Disease Clinical Signs
Commonly asymptomatic in beginning
* subtle signs
* only obvious when actually sick
Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Most common canine cardiomyopathy
* walls get very thin
* arrythmias - die from this
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Most common feline cardiomyopathy
* heart muscles get really thick
* chambers get thin
* clot formation - paralysis in back legs
Left-Sided CHF
Affects the lungs
* pleural effusion (cats)
* pulmonary edema (dogs or cats)
Right-Sided CHF
Relates to blood coming back to the heart
* Ascites
* Edema of limbs
CHF Treatment
Medications
Enalapril / Benazepril
* lowers blood pressure
Pimobendan / Vetmedin
* improves heart contractions
Furosemide / Lasix
* removes excess fluid
