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1.2 health science > Cancer treatment > Flashcards

Cancer treatment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ideal form of cancer treatment?

A

One that removes all cancer cells without killing healthy cells

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2
Q

What would be a typical treatment for a localised cancer?

A

Surgical removal & chemotherapy/radiotherapy to kill off residual cancer

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3
Q

What is the basic principle behind cancer treatment?

A

Kill cancer cells & prevent further growth of tumour

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4
Q

Why is surgery the optimum treatment?

A

Maximum efficiency on cancer cells minimum efficiency on healthy cells

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5
Q

What solutions cannot be treated by surgery?

A

Leukaemia & solid cancers metastised to inaccessible are of bone & brain

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6
Q

What is a cytostatic effect?

A

Prevent cell proliferation - stop growth but not eliminate it

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7
Q

What is a cytotoxic effect?

A

Killing of cancer cells - can cure patients

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8
Q

Is chemotherapy specific or broad spectrum?

A

Broad spectrum

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9
Q

What processes do chemotherapy affect?

A

DNA synthesis & cell proliferation

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10
Q

How do specific chemotherapy drugs target cells?

A

Based off differentiation properties - treat prostate & breast cancer

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11
Q

Is hormone therapy specific?

A

Yes affects hormone controlled cancer e.g. breast, ovarian, penal, prostate

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12
Q

What affect does x-rays have on cells?

A

DNA is irreversibly damaged by ionising radiation - radiotherapy

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13
Q

How can cytotoxic drugs be targeted to specific cells?

A

Can be attached to antibodies that target proteins on cancer cells

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14
Q

What benefit do angiogenic drugs have?

A

Prevent metastatic growth - metastasis involves processes such as angiogenesis - these drugs prevent this process

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15
Q

What is prognosis?

A

Likely future behavior & outcome for patient

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16
Q

What are prognostic factors?

A

Tumour size, tumour spread, specific biochemical markers, tumour markers in tissue/blood

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17
Q

What is remission?

A

Decline in cancer size as a result of treatment

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18
Q

What is relapse?

A

Reappearance of a cancer

19
Q

What can reduce cancer deaths?

A

~Screening programmes - cervical, breast, colon
~Vaccination - HPV for cervical cancer

20
Q

What is complete response to cancer treatment?

A

When a cancer disappears completely

21
Q

What is partial response to cancer treatment?

A

Partially removed / some remains

22
Q

What is no change as a result of cancer treatment?

A

Remains static

23
Q

What is progressive disease in terms of cancer treatment?

A

Continues to grow

24
Q

What is the difference between the stage and grade of a cancer?

A

Stage - tumour size & degree of spread
Grade - cellular characteristics

25
Q

How is staging of cancers done?

A

TNM system
1.Tumour size
2. Spread to lymph nodes
3. Metastasis to distant sites
4 stages

26
Q

How is grading determined?

A

Low grade - histological resemblance to tissue of origin
High grade - only marginally resembles tissue
Based off mitotic rate & irregularities in nuclear shape , and if cellular architecture resembles tissue of origin

27
Q

Does early detection affect treatment prognosis?

A

Cancer detected - developing for long time -1cm tumour - 3 /4 of its lifespan
Increased time = increased cellular change - earlier = better response to treatment

28
Q

How does surgery work for cancer treatment?

A

Surgical removal - some remain - debulking makes drug & ionising radiation treatment more successful -

29
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

X-rays damage DNA & kill cancer cells - differ in sensitivity e.g. radiation that kills thyroid cells 4x more than kills bone cells - finely focused and given over several weeks to avoid death of healthy cells

30
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Drugs that block proliferation - most effective against rapidly dividing cells - conc. of drugs & duration of exposure resulting in effectiveness - side effects on healthy tissue minimised by using combinations of drugs and varying toxicities - mutagens - 10x risk of developing leukaemia

31
Q

What is primary chemotherapy?

A

First line of treatment for local disease

32
Q

What is adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Used in addition with surgery - post mastectomy for breast cancer

33
Q

What are 3 types of chemotherapeutic drugs?

A

Alkylating, antimetabolites, & natural products

34
Q

What are alkylating agents & give an example?

A

Alkylate DNA - transfer alkyl group from one molecule to another - cyclophosphamide affects DNA synthesis treat breast, leukaemia

35
Q

What are antimetabolities and give an example?

A

They antagonise metabolites needed for DNA synthesis - methotrexate affects dihydrofolate reductase treat breast, placenta

36
Q

What are natural product chemotherapeutic drugs?

A

From plant & fungi - doxorubicin affects DNA & RNA synthesis affect lung, breast, & leukaemia

37
Q

What are the side affects of chemotherapy?

A

~Haemopoietic cells affected - anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
~Destruction of immune cells
~Loss of hair follicles (rapidly dividing)
~Nausea & vomiting - (use anti-emetic drugs to treat)

38
Q

What is hormone therapy?

A

Medicines to block or lower the amount of certain hormones - stop/slow down cancer - (prostate & breast require steroid hormone for growth) - responsive cells contain specific receptors for hormones, unaffected by hormone antagonist - prevents excess steroid synthesis blocking affect of target cell via receptor machinery - tamoxifen in breast cancer & anti-androgens in prostate cancer

39
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Use or manipulate immune system to facilitate attack & lyse tumour cells

40
Q

What are tyrosine kinase inhibitors?

A

Interfere with enzymes & proteins involved in cell signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation

41
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

e.g. Herceptin - targets Her 2 proteins/receptors on cancer cells - interferes with cell signaling pathway & slow cell proliferation

42
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Gene inserted - down regulate growth promoting product

43
Q

What is CAR-T cell therapy?

A

Combination of cell therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy - T cells genetically manipulated - target antigens on cancer cells

1.2 health science (28 decks)

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