Cancer

Question 1

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 1

Tissue growth containing excessive numbers of cells

Question 2

What is metaplasia?

Answer 2

Tissue growth containing displaced but otherwise normal cells

Question 3

What is dysplasia?

Answer 3

Tissue growth where cells appear abnormal

Question 4

What is neoplasia?

Answer 4

Invasive, abnormal tissue growth

Question 5

What are the 3 major risk factors for acquiring cancer?

Answer 5

1. Age
2. Genetics
3. Environment

Question 6

Examples of familial cancer (inherited)

Answer 6

1. Retinoblastoma
2. Wilms tumour
3. Adenomatous polyposis coli
4. Hereditary breast cancer

Question 7

What is the equation for working out the log incidence of of getting a tumour?

Answer 7

LogP(T)= nLogA + constant

Question 8

What are 2 ways of visualising DNA synthesis?

Answer 8

1. Functional in vivo assays- using 32P

2. Morphological markers- staining and then using epifluorescence microscopy

Question 9

What does fusion of cells in interphase and mitotic cells cause?

Answer 9

All cells in interphase to enter mitosis prematurely

Question 10

What is found in the cytoplasm of a mature egg?

Answer 10

MPF

maturation promoting factor

Question 11

What is the transition into M phase driven by?

Answer 11

Activated cdks

Made irreversible by periodic destruction of cyclins

Question 12

What are the major cyclins and their CDK partners?

Answer 12

Cyclin D- Cdk4,6
Cyclin E- Cdk2
Cyclin A- Cdk2/1
Cyclin B-Cdk1

Question 13

What forms the pre replication complex?

Answer 13

ORC- origin recognition complex
Cdc6
Cdt1
Mcm- helicase

Question 14

What happens to the PRC during S phase?

Answer 14

Degradation and phosphorylation of Cdc6
Inhibition of Cdt1
Pre-initiation complex joins
ORC is phosphorylated

Question 15

What can be used to detect malignant cells?

Answer 15

Antibodies that recognise the Pre RC- e.g smear tests