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PHAR 123 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What does a complete blood count tell us?

A

This tell us the number of different cells in the blood
abnormality may indicate cancer such as high number of RBC

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2
Q

What are the other lab test can be conducted for cancer?

A

Blood protein staining- test for antibodies
Tumor marker test
Circulating tumor cell tests

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3
Q

What does hematocrit mean?

A

it is the volume proportion of blood that consists of RBC

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4
Q

WHat does reticulocyte mean?

A

immature RBC

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5
Q

What does blood protein staining aid in the diagnosis of?

A

Lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma

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6
Q

What does blood protein staining test?

A

Test for abnormalities in albumin, transferrin, globulin, antitrypsin

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7
Q

What are some tumor markers that we test for?

A

CA-125= ovary cancer
ER= Breast cancer

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8
Q

What does a high value of CA-125 indicate?

A

> 46U/ml
ovarian cancer

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9
Q

True or False: Some tumor markers are not only used to diagnose but to be specifically treated

A

TRUE EX. CA-125 and ER

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10
Q

What is the 70-Gene signature?

A

test genes to predict the metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer. GOOD FOR EARLY STAGE

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11
Q

What are the three cancers that often use CTC tests?

A

breast, prostate, colorectal

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12
Q

What imaging is used in a breast mammogram?

A

low does xrays

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13
Q

True or False abnormal areas in breast tissues seen in a mammogram confirms cancer

A

FALSE
only biopsy confirms

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14
Q

What is the defining feature of a PET scan?

A

uses a radiactive drug tracer

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15
Q

Why does using a radioactive tracer work in cancer scans?

A

Tumors require a ton of energy to grow so a sugar derivative that’s radioactive will be highly localized in tumor areas

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16
Q

True or False The brain will not show up on a PET scan

A

FALSE- brain will show up as it uses a ton of sugar energy

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17
Q

What is the main way to diagnose cancer?

A

BIOPSY

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18
Q

What else can a biopsy tell us?

A

Give us the grade of cancer and targets for therapy

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19
Q

What is the 2 purposes of surgical removal of cancer?

A

Remover entire tumor
debulk= lower symptoms, better survive

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20
Q

When can we use laser surgery?

A

tumours on the surface

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21
Q

Explain how you would use a 3D conformal radiation therapy.

A

Get a 3D image through a CT scan, and beam the tumor with photons

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22
Q

What is INtensity-modulated radiotherapy?

A

big beam is split into beamlets to get more precise treatment

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23
Q

What are some internal radiation therapies?

A

brachytherapy= sealed container is placed in tumor
radioisotope therapy= ex thyroid
radioembolization= radioactive beads on vasculature to lower blood supply to tumor

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24
Q

What is the difference between adjuvant chemo vs neoadjuvant chemo?

A

Adjuvant= used after primary treatments such as surgery to prevent or lower recurrence
Neoadjuvant= given before to reduce size to make surgery easier

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25
Q

What is the main method of action that alkylating agents do?

A

damage DNA

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26
Q

What is the method of action of nitrogen mustards?

A

turns into a reactive aziridinium intermediate and reacts with 2 guanines and interrupts DNA

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27
Q

What are the general structure of nitrogen mustards

A

nitrogen with two alkyl chains with chlorines at the end

28
Q

What is the general structure of nitrosourea?

A

similar to nitrogen mustards but has amide with a N=O on one of the N’s

29
Q

What are the nitrogen mustards drugs?

A

Melphan
Chlorambucil
estramustine
ifosfamide

30
Q

What are the nitrosourea drugs?

A

Carmustine
lomustine
nimustine
streptozocin

31
Q

What is the MOA of Nitrosourea?

A

chloroethylene ion binds to guanine

32
Q

WHat is different about Streptozocin?

A

doesnt have chloroethylene. Has a hydroxylated methyl that does the same job

33
Q

WHat are the platinum agents?

A

Cisplatin
Carboplatin EASY

34
Q

What is the MOA of platinum agents

A

cell cycle non specific DNA damagers

35
Q

What does busulfan do?

A

Binds to N7 guanine

35
Q

What does busulfan do?

A

Binds to N7 guanine

36
Q

What does busulfan do?

A

Binds to N7 guanine and interrupts DNA

37
Q

What does procarbazine do?

A

methylates guanine at O6 and stops synthesis

38
Q

Antimetabolites MOA?

A

prevent biosynthesis

38
Q

Antimetabolites drugs?

A

FU= uracil
Capecitabine=
Gemcitabine= cysteine
Azacitidine=
Cytarabine=cystein

39
Q

What is Cytarabine MOA

A

prevent cytidylic conversion= miscoding of DNA during S phase

40
Q

What are the antimitotics drugs?

A

Taxanes
Paclitaxel
docetaxel *****

40
Q

What is the method of action for antimitotics?

A

bind to free tubulin and form tubules and disrupt normal microtubule arrangement and prevents disassembly of microtubules

41
Q

What is the MOA of vinca alkaloids?

A

prevent microtubules from forming

42
Q

What are the drugs for vinca alkaloids?

A

vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine

43
Q

What are the antitumor antibiotic drugs?

A

rubicin
daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin

44
Q

WHat is the MOA for antitumor antibiotics

A

intercalate in DNA causing cleavage of strands

45
Q

What is a PARP inhibitor MOA?

A

inhibit poly ADP-ribose polymerase= stop DNA repair= cell death

46
Q

What are the PARP inhibitors?

A

parib

olaparib, rucaparib

47
Q

True or False: PARP hurts normal cells as well

A

FALSE normal cells have other DNA repair enzymes
cancer generally has only PARP

48
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tyrosine Kinase inhibitors?

A

TK is usually more expressed such as in EGFR and VEGFR

49
Q

How does Imatinib work?

A

inhibits BCR-ABLE TK= stop growth and kill

50
Q

How does Gefitinib work/

A

Inhibit EGFR= stop growth and kill

51
Q

What is the MOA for Trastuzumab?

A

targets Her2 Subdomain 4

52
Q

What is the MOA for pertuzumab?

A

targets subdomain2 of Her2 Blocks homodimerize of Her 2-2 or Her 2-3

53
Q

What is the benefit of using both pertuzumab and trastuzumab and docetaxel?

A

Fully block Her2 and stops mitosis

54
Q

What is the mechanism of action of T-DM1?

A

Has trastuzumab and emtansine
target breast cancer then emtansine is cytotoxic

55
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bortezomib?

A

induces apoptosis

56
Q

What is the mechanism of bevacizumab?

A

antiangiogenesis of VEGF= starve cancer cells

57
Q

What does Sunitinib do?

A

Targets Tyrosine Kinase, VEGFR, and stops angiogenesis as well

58
Q

What is PD-1?

A

Protein for cell death on the surface of t cells that will bind to PD-L1 to NOT kill cell

59
Q

What occurs when using a PD-1 or PD-l1 inhibitor?

A

If you use a PD-1 or PD-l1 inhibitor blocks this safety mechanism and allows the cell to be killed

60
Q

True or False: using both Pd-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors gives more of an effect

A

FALSE- need to block only one

61
Q

What are some PD-1 inhibitors?

A

pembrolizumab
nivolumab
cemiplimab

62
Q

What are some PD-L1 inhibitors?

A

Atezolizumab
avelumab
durvalumab

63
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tamoxifen?

A

block ER and inhibit breast cancer Hormonal therapy

64
Q

What can tamoxifen increase the chance of?

A

uterine cancer

PHAR 123 (18 decks)

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