Bones and Joints Flashcards
What is Osteomalacia?
Softening ofd bones as a result of inadequate mineralization of the organic matrix
Caused by deficiency of vitamin D, inadequate metabolic processing and activation of vitamin D, or disturbances of phosphate metabolism
What is osteomalacia called in children?
Rickets
What is the etiology of Vitamin D defeciency?
inadequate intake
Inadequate exposure to sunlight
abnormal intestinal absorption
What is hypophosphatemia?
Renal disease –> Phosphorus lost in urine, losses or failure to add phosphate to bone leads to osteomalacia
What is the pathology of Osteomalacia?
Excess nonmineralized osteoid
Bone deformities and fractures
Serum Ca and Phosphorus low
What are the symptoms of Osteomalacia?
Bone fractures more easily
muscle weakness
widespread bone pain (hips usually)
Low Ca level symptoms:
- abnormal heart rhythms
- numbness around mouth
- nubness of arms and legs
- spasms of hands and feet
What is the most common joint disease?
Osteoarthritis
WHat joints does Osteoarthritis affect?
weight-bearing joints
Small joints of hands and feet
What are some characteristics that may increase the risk of osteoarthritis?
Larger stature
prior injury
How is OA classified?
Primary: cause unknown/ multifactorial
Secondary: related to another disease
What is the pathology of osteoarthritis?
Bone cysts form, cartilage fragments present, irregular joint space, loss of cartilage, sclerotic bone, cystic change.
Advanced: osteophytes, periarticular fibrosis, calciifed cartilage
What is the main symptom of OA? how does it effect the pt?
PAIN
less use –> less muscle –> less mobility –> impacts wt, exercise, and dependance
How is OA managed?
Exercise (range of motion, muscle strength wt loss)
Assitive devices
Analgesics such as NSAIDs, corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid injections
Surgery (joint replacement)
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Chronic symmetrical inflammatory synovitis, joint destruction, muscle atrophy, and bone destruction
Multisystem
Can affect other areas of body such as lungs, eyes, blood vessels, and skin
What is the genetic factor related to RA? is it more prevalent in Men or Women?
HLA-DR4
3:1 F:M prevalence