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PHAR 123 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What does Neoplasia mean

A

new abnormal growth that is uncontrolled

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2
Q

What does benign mean?

A

not cancer
from highly differentiated cells

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3
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

Cancerous
can move and metastisize

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4
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1= cell grows and prepares for replication(11hrs)
S= DNA replicate (8hrs)
G2= cell grows and preps for mitosis(4hr)
M= divides (1hr)
G0= leaves cycle

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5
Q

WHat checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

A

G1
G2
Anaphase= chromosome not bound= stops

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6
Q

What is the restriction point?

A

Cell commits and growth factor is no longer required 2-3 hours before synthesis= in G1 phase

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7
Q

Checkpoint Monitoring molecules

A

cyclins
SDK
p53= reads DNA damage
RB= G1 checkpoint
APC= anaphase checkpoints

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8
Q

What is the difference between necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy?

A

necrosis=dies but spews out cell contents
Apoptosis= programmed and dies
Autophagy= cell eats itself

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9
Q

What are the common characteristics of benign tumours?

A

Slower growth, localized, not super serious, smoothe, capsulated

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10
Q

What are the common characteristics of malignant tumours?

A

irregular, necrosis, non capsulated, vary in size, rapid growth, moves

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11
Q

How can you diagnose tumors?

A

x-ray, CT, PET, MRI
ONLY ACCURATE ONE IS BIOPSY

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12
Q

What does a biopsy confirm?

A

grade, stage, if it is benign or malignant

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13
Q

Main treatments for neoplasia

A

Surgery= primary
chemo
radiation
biologics

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14
Q

What are the six hallmarks of Cancer

A

Self-sufficient GF
Resistant to antigrowth signals
Immortal
Resistant to cell death signaling
Sustained angiogenesis
Invasion and metastisis

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15
Q

TNM staging system

A

X=??? 0=Cant find 1= present 2= more present
T= Size and extent of main tumor
N= number of nearby lymph nodes effected
M= metastasis?

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16
Q

What does a TX N0 M1 mean?

A

Cant measure tumor, not in lymph nodes, metastisis

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17
Q

Explain the cancer staging system.

A

Stage1= small and contained
2= larger but no spread
3= larger and spread locally and in lymph nodes
4= Metastisi

18
Q

What is the grading system of Cancer

A

GX= ???
G1= Well differentiated
G2= moderately
G3= poorly
G4= undifferentiated

19
Q

In regards to stage and grade which versions means the worst outcome?

A

Stage 4 and grade 4= REALLY bad= die

20
Q

What are some paraneoplastic syndromes caused by cancer?

A

Cushing syndrome
Hypercalcemia
Venous thrombosis
myasthenia gravis= muscle weakness
Polycythemia-high number of RBC

21
Q

True or false the wealthier the country the lower the death rates

A

FALSE

22
Q

What are the most common causes of cancer?

A

Breats
colon and rectal
prostate

23
Q

What are the breast cancer survival by stage?

A

0-100
1-100
2-93
3-72
4-22

24
Q

What are the prostate cancer survival rates?

A

100% unless it spread to other parts of the body

25
Q

Which province has the highest prevalence of cancer?

A

Newfoundland and Labrador

26
Q

Highest cause of cancer deaths

A

Lung cancer

26
Q

Highest cause of cancer deaths

A

Lung cancer

27
Q

Most common child cancer

A

Leukemia

28
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Exogenous= chemical(PCB), physical (UV, XRAY),biologic(Viruses like HPV, EBV, Hepatitis, bacteria like pylori,)

Endogenous= oncogenes, Tumour suppressor genes

28
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Exogenous= chemical(PCB), physical (UV, XRAY),biologic(Viruses like HPV, EBV, Hepatitis, bacteria like pylori,)

Endogenous= oncogenes, Tumour suppressor genes

29
Q

How many HPV viruses are oncogenic?

A

15

30
Q

What are protooncogenes?

A

They encode for GF, GR receptors
if mutated can cause uncontrolled growth=cancer

31
Q

What mutations can protooncogenes have?

A

Point- deletion or addition
Amplification
rearrangement
insertion of viral oncogene

32
Q

What are Tumour suppressor genes and give some examples?

A

They stop cell at checkpoints
p53,PTEN, BRCA
if mutated cant stop cancer cells

33
Q

What is usually mutated first in cancer? Protooncogenes or tumor suppressors?

A

Tumor surpressors

34
Q

What is the two hit hypothesis?

A

For cancer to develop, there is a much higher chance if both copies are damaged.

35
Q

What type of drugs can stop metastisis?

A

Anti invasion or megrastatics

36
Q

When should we give anti invasion therapy

A

before metastis=is and they are at high risk for it

37
Q

What are some common sites of metastisis?

A

Lung, liver, lymph nodes, brain bone

38
Q

True or false: Breast cancer that has migrated into the liver is now called liver cancer

A

FALSE

39
Q

True or false: Metastisized cancer is treated the specific way in the body part that it is located

A

FALSE- metastisized breast cancer in th eliver must be treated as breast cancer, not liver cancer

PHAR 123 (18 decks)

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