Neoplasia Flashcards
What does Neoplasia mean
new abnormal growth that is uncontrolled
What does benign mean?
not cancer
from highly differentiated cells
What does malignant mean?
Cancerous
can move and metastisize
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
G1= cell grows and prepares for replication(11hrs)
S= DNA replicate (8hrs)
G2= cell grows and preps for mitosis(4hr)
M= divides (1hr)
G0= leaves cycle
WHat checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?
G1
G2
Anaphase= chromosome not bound= stops
What is the restriction point?
Cell commits and growth factor is no longer required 2-3 hours before synthesis= in G1 phase
Checkpoint Monitoring molecules
cyclins
SDK
p53= reads DNA damage
RB= G1 checkpoint
APC= anaphase checkpoints
What is the difference between necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy?
necrosis=dies but spews out cell contents
Apoptosis= programmed and dies
Autophagy= cell eats itself
What are the common characteristics of benign tumours?
Slower growth, localized, not super serious, smoothe, capsulated
What are the common characteristics of malignant tumours?
irregular, necrosis, non capsulated, vary in size, rapid growth, moves
How can you diagnose tumors?
x-ray, CT, PET, MRI
ONLY ACCURATE ONE IS BIOPSY
What does a biopsy confirm?
grade, stage, if it is benign or malignant
Main treatments for neoplasia
Surgery= primary
chemo
radiation
biologics
What are the six hallmarks of Cancer
Self-sufficient GF
Resistant to antigrowth signals
Immortal
Resistant to cell death signaling
Sustained angiogenesis
Invasion and metastisis
TNM staging system
X=??? 0=Cant find 1= present 2= more present
T= Size and extent of main tumor
N= number of nearby lymph nodes effected
M= metastasis?
What does a TX N0 M1 mean?
Cant measure tumor, not in lymph nodes, metastisis
Explain the cancer staging system.
Stage1= small and contained
2= larger but no spread
3= larger and spread locally and in lymph nodes
4= Metastisi
What is the grading system of Cancer
GX= ???
G1= Well differentiated
G2= moderately
G3= poorly
G4= undifferentiated
In regards to stage and grade which versions means the worst outcome?
Stage 4 and grade 4= REALLY bad= die
What are some paraneoplastic syndromes caused by cancer?
Cushing syndrome
Hypercalcemia
Venous thrombosis
myasthenia gravis= muscle weakness
Polycythemia-high number of RBC
True or false the wealthier the country the lower the death rates
FALSE
What are the most common causes of cancer?
Breats
colon and rectal
prostate
What are the breast cancer survival by stage?
0-100
1-100
2-93
3-72
4-22
What are the prostate cancer survival rates?
100% unless it spread to other parts of the body
Which province has the highest prevalence of cancer?
Newfoundland and Labrador
Highest cause of cancer deaths
Lung cancer
Highest cause of cancer deaths
Lung cancer
Most common child cancer
Leukemia
Causes of cancer
Exogenous= chemical(PCB), physical (UV, XRAY),biologic(Viruses like HPV, EBV, Hepatitis, bacteria like pylori,)
Endogenous= oncogenes, Tumour suppressor genes
Causes of cancer
Exogenous= chemical(PCB), physical (UV, XRAY),biologic(Viruses like HPV, EBV, Hepatitis, bacteria like pylori,)
Endogenous= oncogenes, Tumour suppressor genes
How many HPV viruses are oncogenic?
15
What are protooncogenes?
They encode for GF, GR receptors
if mutated can cause uncontrolled growth=cancer
What mutations can protooncogenes have?
Point- deletion or addition
Amplification
rearrangement
insertion of viral oncogene
What are Tumour suppressor genes and give some examples?
They stop cell at checkpoints
p53,PTEN, BRCA
if mutated cant stop cancer cells
What is usually mutated first in cancer? Protooncogenes or tumor suppressors?
Tumor surpressors
What is the two hit hypothesis?
For cancer to develop, there is a much higher chance if both copies are damaged.
What type of drugs can stop metastisis?
Anti invasion or megrastatics
When should we give anti invasion therapy
before metastis=is and they are at high risk for it
What are some common sites of metastisis?
Lung, liver, lymph nodes, brain bone
True or false: Breast cancer that has migrated into the liver is now called liver cancer
FALSE
True or false: Metastisized cancer is treated the specific way in the body part that it is located
FALSE- metastisized breast cancer in th eliver must be treated as breast cancer, not liver cancer
