C5 - rites of passage Flashcards
define sacrament
A religious ceremony or act regarded as a means of divine grace, such as baptism or marriage.
define original sin
The Christian doctrine that all humans inherit a sinful nature due to the fall of Adam and Eve.
define baptism
sacrament in Christianity that symbolizes initiation into the faith and the cleansing of sins. It represents a commitment to follow Jesus Christ.
define Catechesis
The religious instruction given to a person in preparation for baptism.
define Immersion
The act of being submerged in water, symbolising death to sin and rebirth in Christ.
define rite of pasage
ceremony or event marking an important stage in someone’s life
define Godparents
Individuals chosen to support a child’s spiritual growth and guide them in their faith journey.
define Sponsors
Individuals who take responsibility for guiding a person in their faith, particularly during confirmation.
define Anointing with Oil
A ritual representing being set apart for God’s purpose and blessing.
define Lighting a Candle
A symbolic act representing the light of Christ entering the individual’s life.
types of baptism & which denominations practice which
-infant baptism - Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican
-adult baptism - Baptist, Pentecostal, Evangelical
-dedication - Evangelical
-believer’s baptism - Baptist, Pentecostal
what is:
-infant baptism
-adult baptism
-dedication
-believer’s baptism
-infant baptism - Performed on infants, symbolizing entrance into the Christian community; involves sprinkling or pouring water.
-adult baptism - Baptism of adults who have converted to Christianity, often involving full immersion.
-dedication ceremony - A ceremony where parents dedicate their child to God without baptizing them.
-believer’s baptism - Baptism of individuals who profess personal faith, usually by full immersion.
significance of infant baptism
-signifies the child’s entry into the Christian community and the parents’ commitment to raise the child in the faith.
-involves the use of holy water, prayers, and the signing of the cross on the child’s forehead & choosing Godparents
-belief that God’s grace is available to all = about the individual’s faith & God’s initiative in welcoming the child into the faith community.
-significance: believed to cleanse original sin which is inherited by man
-has sponsor/ god parent
significance of adult baptism
-emphasises the individual’s personal faith and decision to follow Christ
-the person makes a conscious choice to accept Jesus as their Savior & catechesis happens
-do full immersion = seen as a public declaration of faith, symbolizing the individual’s death to sin and rebirth in Christ
-significance: reflects the belief that baptism should be a personal decision made by someone who understands the commitment they are making
significance of dedication
-parents dedicate their child to God without performing baptism
-focus is on the parents’ commitment to raise the child in a Christian environment
-pastor prays for child, no water used
-significance: allows parents to express their intentions to nurture their child’s spiritual life without the theological implications of baptism, particularly the belief in original sin
Significance of believer’s baptism
-person chooses to be baptized after making a personal decision to accept Christ.
-symbolizes their faith and commitment to the Christian community & a public declaration of their beliefs
-significance: importance of personal faith and the conscious decision to follow Christ.
-has sponser
Role of Godparents
-chosen during infant baptism
-support the child’s spiritual growth & guide them in their faith journey
-involved in Church activities and child’s religious education
Role of sponsers
-involved in adult baptism, affirming the individual’s faith & commitment to the church.
-mentors & help newly baptized people in the community
Baptism rituals & their symbolism
- Immersion in Water: the cleansing of sins and new life in Christ, associated with believers’ baptism.
- Pouring Water: presence of the Holy Spirit and the washing away of impurities, used in infant baptism.
- Anointing with Oil: being set apart for God’s purpose and blessing, performed during the baptism ceremony.
- Lighting a Candle: the light of Christ entering the individual’s life, in baptism services to represent the new believer’s journey of faith.
similarities in baptism among denominations
- All traditions view baptism as a significant rite of initiation into the Christian faith.
- Each emphasizes the importance of community and support in the baptism process.
differences in baptism among denominations
- Infant vs. Believers’ Baptism: Catholic and Orthodox churches do infant baptism, Protestant do believers’ baptism. This difference stems from varying theological interpretations of sin and grace.
- Methods of Baptism: The Catholic and Orthodox churches use immersion/ pouring, Protestants may use both methods depending on the denomination. This reflects differing views on the symbolism and necessity of the baptismal act.
- Role of Godparents: Prominent in Catholic and Orthodox practices but less emphasized in Protestant traditions. This highlights the varying views on community involvement in a child’s spiritual upbringing.
infant baptism in Catholic, Orthodox & Protestant
Catholic - after birth, holy water & prayers, Godparents
Orthodox - after birth, holy water & prayers, Godparents
Protestant - no common
adult baptism in Catholic, Orthodox & Protestant
Catholic - not common
Orthodox - not common
Protestant - full immersion; declaration of faith
dedication in Catholic, Orthodox & Protestant
Catholic - not common
Orthodox - not common
Protestant - common; parents commit to raising child in faith
water usage in Baptism in Catholic, Orthodox & Protestant
Catholic - pouring/ immersion
Orthodox - pouring/ immersion
Protestant - mostly immersion
Prayers & blessing in baptism in Catholic, Orthodox & Protestant
Catholic - prayers, blessings, and signing of the cross
Orthodox - prayers, blessings
Protestant - prayers; less formalized
symbolic gestures in baptism in Catholic, Orthodox & Protestant
Catholic - signing of the cross, lighting of a candle
Orthodox - lighting of a candle, anointing with oil
Protestant - lighting of a candle, may include anointing.
define Confirmation
-A Christian (often Catholic and Orthodox) rite of passage which strengthens or seals the gifts of the Holy Spirit already given during Baptism
-A sacrament in which individuals affirm their faith and commitment to God, usually following infant baptism.
define First Communion
The first time a person receives the Eucharist (bread and wine) in certain Christian denominations that believe in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist (transubstantiation), such as Catholic and Orthodox.
define Chrismation
A sacrament in the Orthodox Church, equivalent to Confirmation in Catholicism. It is a rite of anointing with holy oil (called chrism) and is closely linked with Baptism. Chrismation typically occurs immediately after Baptism, marking the newly baptised individual’s full reception into the Church.
define Affirmation of belief
The declaration of one’s faith and commitment to follow Jesus, often made during confirmation.
define full member
The status attained after confirmation or First Communion, signifying one’s active participation in the church community.
define Eucharist
Also known as Holy Communion, it’s a Christian rite commemorating Jesus’ Last Supper.
define Chrism
Consecrated oil used in some Christian ceremonies, including Confirmation and baptism for Orthodox churches.
define Sponsor
A person who supports and guides a candidate through Confirmation.
define Denomination
A recognized branch of the Christian Church.
Baptism, First Communion & confirmation in Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican & Protestant
-Catholic - infant baptism, First Communion at age 7-8, Confirmation at 12-16
-Orthodox - infant baptism, Confirmation & first communion tgt, Chrismation after baptism = priest anoints the newly baptized infant with chrism, confirming them in the faith
-Anglican - similar to Catholic, some branches delay Confirmation until teen/ adult, First communion before/ after Confirmation depending on tradition
-Protestant - some infant baptism & confirmation later, some don’t do Confirmation because believer’s baptism itself is seen as the public profession of faith, First communion varies
Catholic Conformation process
- Infant baptism
- Religious education (begins at age 6-7)
- First Reconciliation (Confession) preparation & reception (at age 7-8)
- First Communion preparation & reception (at age 7-8)
- Continued religious education (through parish catechism classes)
- Confirmation preparation (begins 1-2 years before Confirmation)
- Includes study of Catholic doctrine, sacraments, and moral teachings
- May involve retreats, service projects, & faith-sharing experiences
- Selection of a sponsor (typically a confirmed Catholic who serves as a faith mentor)
- Confirmation ceremony (usually early teens, presided over by a bishop, or in some circumstances, a priest may be authorized to perform Confirmation, especially during the Easter Vigil or in areas with limited access to a bishop.)
- Includes renewal of baptismal promises
- Anointing with chrism
- Laying on of hands by the bishop or priest
Orthodox chrismation process
- Baptism of the infant
- Full immersion in blessed water
- Exorcism prayers and renunciation of Satan
- Chrismation immediately following baptism
- Anointing with chrism on various parts of the body (forehead, eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, chest, hands, and feet)
- Each anointing accompanied by the words “The seal of the gift of the Holy Spirit”
- First Communion, typically given immediately after Chrismation
- The newly baptized and chrismated infant receives a small amount of the consecrated wine mixed and given to the infant on a small spoon
- Continued participation in church life and education throughout childhood and beyond
- Regular reception of Holy Communion
- Religious education classes
- Participation in liturgical services and feast days
symbolism in Confirmation
- Reciting the Nicene Creed to affirm personal belief.
- Wearing a cross or crucifix as a sign of faith.
- Laying on of hands: descent of the Holy Spirit, reenacting the Pentecost event
- Anointing with chrism: being sealed with the gifts of the Holy Spirit (wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord)
- Renewal of baptismal promises: Affirms personal commitment to faith and rejection of sin and evil
- Bishop’s role: In Catholic and Anglican traditions, the bishop typically performs Confirmation, symbolizing apostolic succession and the unity of the Church
symbolism in First Communion
- Reception of bread and wine: believed to become the actual body and blood of Christ through transubstantiation (Catholic) or a form of real presence (Orthodox). Many Protestant denominations, however, view the Eucharist symbolically. This fulfils Jesus’ command at the Last Supper
- Wearing special clothing (often white): Represents purity and new life in Christ, often includes symbols like crosses or chalices
- Lighting a candle: Christ as the light of the world and the candidate’s role in spreading that light
- Procession: Many First Communion ceremonies include a procession of the children, symbolizing their journey of faith
- Prayers and blessings: Special prayers are often said for the children receiving their First Communion, asking for God’s grace and guidance in their spiritual lives
- Wearing a cross or crucifix as a sign of faith.
- Reciting the Nicene Creed to affirm personal belief.
importance of Church membership
- It signifies spiritual maturity and personal commitment to faith, marking a significant milestone in one’s religious life
- It strengthens the individual’s connection to the church community, fostering a sense of belonging and shared identity
- It allows full participation in church life, including receiving communion regularly and taking part in other sacraments
- It often grants the right to be a godparent or sponsor for others, passing on the faith to future generations
- It prepares individuals for potential leadership roles within the church, such as serving on parish councils or as catechists
- It deepens one’s understanding of church teachings and traditions, leading to a more informed and committed faith
- It provides opportunities for ongoing spiritual growth and formation within the church community
Which sacrament in the Orthodox Church is equivalent to Confirmation in Catholicism?
Chrismation
Why do some Christian denominations delay First Communion until later in life?
To ensure the individual can understand the significance
Which sacrament marks full membership in the Church in Catholic and Anglican traditions?
Confirmation
What is the Orthodox equivalent to the Catholic sacrament of Confirmation?
Chrismation
In Catholic tradition, who typically performs the Confirmation ceremony?
Bishop
7 gifts of the Holy Spirit
-wisdom
-understanding
-counsel
-fortitude
-knowledge
-piety
-fear of the Lord
what is chrism & its purpose
holy oil, seals gifts
verse to show Jesus saying to get baptised
“Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you.” - Matthew 28:19 -20
define evangelise
tell others about Jesus & the Gospel with the aim of them being Christians
define infant baptism
A practice in which infants are baptised, often to welcome them into the Christian community and cleanse them from original sin
define adult baptism
The practice of baptising individuals who have made a conscious decision to follow Christ, often after a period of instruction.
define believer’s baptism
A form of baptism where individuals are baptised after declaring their faith in Jesus, commonly practiced in certain denominations.
define dedication
A ceremony in which parents present their child to God, often involving a commitment to raise the child in the Christian faith without formal baptism.
why do some denominations do infant baptism & others do Believer’s baptism
-Catholics & orthodox & some Protestant do infant as a way to welcome the child into their faith community from birth with godparents & the wider church supporting their spiritual growth
-Baptist do believer’s baptism because they emphasize the importance of personal decision-making, where the individual publicly professes their faith & commitment to Christ, highlighting personal responsibility over communal initiation
verse to show why some do infant baptism
“But Jesus called the children to him and said, “Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of God belongs to such as these.” - Luke 18:15-16
-Jesus values children
verse to show Peter says to get baptized
“Peter replied, “Repent and be baptized” - Acts 2: 38
why may Baptism not be essential to some denominations
Some Protestants believe salvation comes through Christ’s grace
verse to show importance of Confirmation
“Then Peter and John placed their hands on them, and they received the Holy Spirit.” - Acts 8:17
define ritual
Ceremonial acts performed during baptism, such as the pouring of water or anointing, which hold specific meanings in the Christian faith.
define coming of age
A ceremony marking the transition from childhood to adulthood, often celebrated within the context of faith.
define marriage ceremony
A formal celebration of the union between two individuals, often involving religious rites and vows.
define Eucharistic Celebration
A Christian service that includes the sharing of the Eucharist, also known as Communion, often part of a marriage ceremony.
define Wedding Vows
Promises exchanged between partners during a marriage ceremony, representing their commitment to each other.
define Last Rites
A sacrament administered to a person nearing death, providing spiritual comfort and preparation for the afterlife.
define Interment
The burial of a deceased person, often accompanied by rituals acknowledging the loss and providing support to the bereaved.
define Cremation
The process of reducing a body to ashes after death, often accompanied by specific rituals and prayers.
define Bereaved
Individuals who have lost a loved one, often supported through rituals and community during the grieving process.
define Family Life
The structure and dynamics of families, influenced by religious beliefs and teachings.
define Roles and Responsibilities
The expected duties and functions assigned to men and women within the family, as outlined by religious teachings.
define Nurture
The act of caring for and educating children, as well as supporting the elderly, viewed as important responsibilities within the family.
define Attitudes to Marriage
The beliefs and practices surrounding marriage, including views on divorce and remarriage, which can vary among Christian denominations.
define Tradition
ong-standing practices and customs that are upheld within a community, often linked lto religious beliefs.
define Changing Family Roles
The evolving dynamics and functions of family members in response to social changes and modern values.
define Emotional Challenges
Feelings of distress or uncertainty that arise from changes in family roles or traditions, often faced by individuals and communities.
define Spiritual Challenges
Spiritual Challenges
Difficulties related to faith and beliefs that arise due to changes in societal norms or family structures.
verse that shows importance of mourning
“For everything, there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven: a time to be born, and a time to die…” - Ecclesiastes 3:1
verse that shows sanctity of marriage
“Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and hold fast to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh.” - Ephesians 5:31
verse that shows importance of teaching children
“You shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk by the way…” - Deuteronomy 6:7
significance of Confirmation
-It strengthens the gifts of the Holy Spirit
-confirms one’s faith
-marks full membership in the Church
significance of First Communion
-allows full participation in the Eucharist
-recognizes the real presence of Christ in the bread and wine.
significance of Affirmation of sin
-Reaffirms the individual’s personal commitment to their faith and their rejection of sin
significance of anointing with Chrism
-Symbolises being sealed with the Holy Spirit, empowering the individual for a life of faith and service.
significance of laying on of hands
-Represents the apostolic tradition and the transmission of the Holy Spirit, linking the individual to the Church’s authority and mission.
significance of Procession and Special Clothing
-Symbolises purity, spiritual readiness, and the individual’s journey into the faith.
significance of Receiving the Eucharist
-Commemorates the Last Supper and allows the individual to fully partake in the central act of Christian worship.
significance of full membership of church
-Signifies a deeper commitment to the Christian community and full participation in its spiritual life and governance.
What happens in Confirmation & denominational beliefs
A person affirms their baptismal vows. The bishop (or priest, in some cases) lays hands on the person, invoking the Holy Spirit, and anoints them with chrism (holy oil).
Catholic Church: Typically occurs in the early teenage years (12-16).
Anglican Church: Confirmation can occur in the teenage years or adulthood.
Orthodox Church: Chrismation (equivalent to Confirmation) happens immediately after Baptism (usually in infancy).
What happens in First Communion & denominational beliefs
A person, usually a child, receives the Eucharist (bread and wine) for the first time during a special ceremony.
Catholic Church: Typically occurs around age 7-8 after First Reconciliation.
Orthodox Church: Infants receive their First Communion immediately after Chrismation (at Baptism).
Anglican Church: Practices vary. In some traditions, First Communion occurs after Confirmation; in others, it is allowed at a younger age.
What happens in affirmation of belief & denominational beliefs
In Confirmation, the individual publicly reaffirms the promises made on their behalf at Baptism. Sponsors (often a confirmed adult) are present to provide spiritual support.
Catholic Church: Requires a sponsor, usually a practising confirmed Catholic, who guides the candidate.
Anglican Church: Sponsors are optional but encouraged for support.
Orthodox Church: Godparents assume this role during Baptism and Chrismation.
What happens in anointing with chrism & denominational beliefs
The individual’s forehead is anointed with chrism (holy oil) during Confirmation or Chrismation.
Catholic Church: The anointing is done by the bishop or priest, representing the Holy Spirit’s gifts.
Orthodox Church: Chrismation involves anointing several parts of the body (forehead, eyes, nostrils, mouth, chest, hands, and feet) immediately after Baptism.
What happens in laying on of hands & denominational beliefs
The bishop (or priest) lays hands on the person during Confirmation to call down the Holy Spirit.
Catholic Church: The bishop typically lays hands, although a priest may do so with permission in certain cases.
Anglican Church: Often performed by the bishop but can be done by a priest.
Orthodox Church: This act is incorporated within the Chrismation at Baptism.
What happens in Procession & special clothing & denominational beliefs
Candidates wear special attire (often white) and may participate in a ceremonial procession during First Communion or Confirmation.
Catholic Church: White clothing is common for First Communion and Confirmation, representing purity.
Anglican Church: White robes or special garments may be worn, depending on the denomination.
Orthodox Church: Baptismal garments, often white, are worn by infants, symbolising new life in Christ.
What happens in receiving the Eucharist & denominational beliefs
In First Communion, the individual receives the consecrated bread and wine, believed to be the body and blood of Christ.
Catholic Church: Belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist (transubstantiation).
Orthodox Church: Also believes in the real presence of Christ but views it as a mystery, rather than transubstantiation. Infants participate in the Eucharist immediately after Baptism and Chrismation.
Anglican Church: Beliefs vary—some hold to the real presence, while others see it as symbolic.
What happens in full membership in church & denominational beliefs
After Confirmation (and in some cases, First Communion), individuals are considered full members of the Church, able to participate in all sacraments.
Catholic Church: Full membership allows participation in all sacraments, including Eucharist, Reconciliation, and Marriage.
Orthodox Church: Full membership begins from Baptism and Chrismation, with lifelong participation in the Eucharist and other sacraments.
Anglican Church: Full membership occurs at Confirmation in most traditions, allowing for greater participation in church life.
verse to show importance of anointing with chrism
“But it is God who establishes us with you in Christ and has anointed us, by putting his seal on us and giving us his Spirit in our hearts as a first instalment.” - 2 Corinthians 1:21-22
verse to show importance of First communion
“So Jesus said to them, ‘Very truly, I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. Those who eat my flesh and drink my blood have eternal life, and I will raise them up on the last day.’” - John 6:53-54
why are rites of passages important
important milestones because they mark key points in a Christian’s faith journey.
differences reflecting varying theological emphases on Confirmation & First communion
-Catholic and Orthodox traditions view sacraments as a means of receiving divine grace, placing importance on the physical elements of the sacraments like the Eucharist.
-Protestants, especially in more evangelical traditions, may place greater emphasis on personal faith and understanding, seeing Confirmation more as an individual’s decision to commit to their faith.
define Last rites
A set of sacraments and prayers given to someone nearing death, providing comfort, forgiveness, and peace. Commonly includes Anointing of the Sick, confession, and Communion in some Christian denominations.
death & vigil for Catholics, Orthodox & Protestants
define Minister
A religious leader who performs ceremonies and provides spiritual support. In Christian funerals, ministers lead prayers, offer comfort to the family, and guide the service.
define Interment
The act of burying a deceased person in a grave or tomb. Interment often includes rituals like placing flowers or saying prayers at the gravesite.
define Cremation
A funeral practice where the body is burned and reduced to ashes, often followed by a ceremony to honour the deceased. In some Christian traditions, cremation is an alternative to burial.
define Mourning
The process of grieving and expressing sorrow for the loss of a loved one. Mourning can involve rituals, ceremonies, and personal practices that provide comfort and support.
define Funeral Rites
The ceremonies and rituals that occur before, during, and after a funeral, helping families honour the deceased and providing comfort and structure for the grieving.
define Eulogy
A speech given at a funeral that honors and remembers the life of the deceased, often highlighting their positive qualities, achievements, and relationships.
order for funeral rites
- Preparation Before Death (if possible)
- Death and Vigil
- Funeral Service
- Procession
- Burial or Cremation
- Graveside Service
- Mourning Period
Preparation before death for Catholics, Orthodox & Protestants
stuff that minister does
Rituals given to the dying, such as Last Rites, Anointing of the Sick, or Prayers of Comfort.
Catholic:
Last Rites (Anointing of the Sick): Administered to the dying person, typically involving confession, anointing with oil, and Eucharist for final spiritual preparation and peace.
Orthodox:
Anointing of the Sick: The priest offers prayers and anoints the dying person to prepare for their journey to the afterlife.
Protestant:
Prayers of Comfort: Ministers may offer blessings or prayers for the dying, providing spiritual support and reassurance for both the individual and their family.
death & vigil for Catholics, Orthodox & Protestants
A wake or vigil where family and friends gather to offer prayers and condolences before the funeral.
Catholic:
Wake/Vigil: Held before the funeral, usually in a funeral home or family home. Family and friends gather to pray and offer condolences, often in the presence of the body.
Orthodox:
Vigil: A prayer service, typically held in the home or church, where family and friends gather to pray and read Psalms. Often, the Psalms are chanted, reflecting Orthodox tradition.
Protestant:
Viewing or Wake: Some denominations hold a wake or visitation, allowing family and friends to pay respects, which may be followed by a prayer service.
funeral services for Catholics, Orthodox & Protestants
main ceremony with Eucharist, prayers, hymns, and readings
Catholic:
Requiem Mass: Conducted in the church, it includes the Eucharist, prayers for the deceased, readings, and homily. This Mass emphasizes hope in the resurrection and prayers for the soul’s repose.
Orthodox:
Divine Liturgy: The funeral service typically includes the Eucharist, chanted hymns, prayers, and readings asking God for mercy on the deceased’s soul.
Protestant:
Funeral Service: Held in a church, funeral home, or chapel. This service includes hymns, Scripture readings, a eulogy, and a sermon or message of hope.
procession for Catholics, Orthodox & Protestants
A solemn procession from the church to the burial or cremation site.
Catholic:
Funeral Procession: The casket is transported from the church to the burial site. Family and friends may walk or drive in procession, with the priest offering final prayers.
Orthodox:
Funeral Procession: A solemn procession from the church to the cemetery, often accompanied by chanting or psalm singing. Family and friends may participate in this solemn walk.
Protestant:
Procession (Optional): Some Protestant churches include a procession from the church to the burial or cremation site, though this varies by denomination.
burial/ Cremation for Catholics, Orthodox & Protestants
The final disposition of the body, either through interment (burial) or cremation, often including blessings or rituals.
Catholic:
Interment: The body is typically buried in consecrated ground. The priest blesses the grave, and attendees may sprinkle holy water. Cremation is permitted with conditions, but the ashes must be interred.
Orthodox:
Interment Only: Burial in consecrated ground is the standard practice, as cremation is traditionally not allowed. Orthodox tradition views the body as sacred and prefers burial intact.
Protestant:
Interment or Cremation: Burial or cremation is based on the family’s preference and denomination guidelines, often followed by a brief graveside or crematory service.
graveside service for Catholics, Orthodox & Protestants
-prayers at gravesite symbolize returning person’s soul to God & asking for His peace
-A short service or prayers held at the gravesite, with acts like sprinkling holy water or placing flowers or earth on the grave.
Catholic:
Committal Service: A short service at the gravesite led by the priest, with prayers and blessings. Holy water is sprinkled on the casket, symbolizing purification. Attendees may place flowers or earth on the grave.
Orthodox:
Graveside Prayers: The priest offers final prayers and blessings. Family members may participate by placing earth on the casket as a final farewell.
Protestant:
Graveside Prayers: Led by a minister, the graveside service includes a blessing and sometimes symbolic acts, like placing flowers or earth on the grave as a gesture of respect/ final farewell
mourning period for Catholics, Orthodox & Protestants
A period of remembrance or prayer after the funeral, marked by specific practices such as Rosary prayers, memorial services, or visits to the grave.
Catholic:
Novena or Rosary: The family may pray the Rosary for nine days following the funeral or observe a 30-day Mass. Anniversaries may be marked with Masses in remembrance.
Orthodox;
Memorial Prayers: Special prayers are offered on the 3rd, 9th, and 40th days after death, and annually on the anniversary. Families may visit the grave regularly.
Protestant:
Varies by Denomination: Some denominations hold memorial services or encourage private prayers and support for the family, with anniversaries sometimes marked by a memorial service.
how do funeral rituals help grieving families
-giving them a way to say goodbye and find comfort through shared practices. Rituals provide comfort because they create a sense of peace and remembrance, showing respect for the person’s life.
ways the living & dead are comforted & honored in funeral services
For Comforting the Living: Minister leading prayers, sharing memories of the person.
For Honouring the Deceased: Sprinkling holy water, giving Last Rites, placing flowers on the casket.
why do some people do cremation & others do Interment (burial)
Catholic usually do burial but can do both & Orthodox do only burial because they believe the body is part of you
Protestants do either because they do believe they are just their soul
define Wedding Vows
Promises made by the couple to each other, symbolising their commitment and love. These vows often include promises to love, honour, and cherish each other.
Key Features of Christian Marriage Ceremonies
1)Eucharistic vs. Non-Eucharistic Celebrations
Eucharistic: marriage ceremony includes the Eucharist, couple and the congregation participate in Communion - symbolizes unity with Christ and each other.
Non-Eucharistic: marriage ceremonies without Communion. The focus remains on the vows and commitments, ceremony may be shorter and less formal.
2)Wedding Vows
The couple commits to love, honor, and support each other through life’s challenges. Vows reflect the couple’s promise to uphold Christian values in their relationship.
3)Symbolism in Marriage Ceremonies
Rings: eternal nature of marriage, with no beginning or end, reflecting God’s unending love.
Unity Candle: couple lights a unity candle to represent unity created in marriage.
Veil and Cord: couple may wear a veil or be bound by a cord, symbolizing God’s blessing and protection over the couple.
The Significance of Marriage as a Sacrament for Catholics & Protestants
Catholic View: Marriage is a sacrament, the couple becomes a visible sign of God’s love. It’s seen as a covenantal relationship blessed by the Church.
Protestant View: In many Protestant denominations, marriage is not a sacrament but remains a sacred bond where God’s presence is invited into the relationship through prayer and commitment.
different views of marriage
Diverse Practices: Different denominations have unique practices and beliefs regarding marriage, creating variations in the ceremony’s structure and meaning.
Sacramental vs. Non-Sacramental Views: Some denominations view marriage as a sacrament, while others do not, leading to differences in how the marriage ceremony is perceived.
Presence of Communion in Eucharistic & non- Eucharistic Marriage ceremony
Eucharistic Marriage - Includes Communion, signifying unity with Christ and each other, only if both people are baptized Christians
non- Eucharistic Marriage - Communion is not present; focuses on vows and commitments.
Symbolic Meaning in Eucharistic & non- Eucharistic Marriage ceremony
Eucharistic Marriage - Emphasizes the sacramental nature of marriage, where God’s grace is present.
non- Eucharistic Marriage - Highlights personal commitment and devotion without the sacramental context.
Common in Denominations in Eucharistic & non- Eucharistic Marriage ceremony
Eucharistic Marriage - Catholic, some Anglican, and Orthodox traditions.
non- Eucharistic Marriage - Common in many Protestant and Evangelical denominations.
Length and Structure in Eucharistic & non- Eucharistic Marriage ceremony
Eucharistic Marriage - Typically longer and includes prayers, readings, and hymns.
non- Eucharistic Marriage - Usually shorter; focuses on vows and rings.
Sacramental View, Key Features & Symbolic Practices in Catholic
Sacramental View: Marriage is a sacrament.
Key Features:
Eucharistic celebration, wedding vows, priest’s blessing.
Symbolic Practices:
Rings, unity candle, veil and cord.
Sacramental View, Key Features & Symbolic Practices in Anglican
Sacramental View: Some view it as a sacrament.
Key Features:
May include Eucharist, traditional vows, priest’s involvement.
Symbolic Practices:
Rings, unity candle (in some practices).
Sacramental View, Key Features & Symbolic Practices in orthdox
Sacramental View: Marriage is a sacrament.
Key Features:
Eucharistic, prayers, priest’s involvement in the blessings.
Symbolic Practices:
Crowns, rings, blessing of wine.
Sacramental View, Key Features & Symbolic Practices in Protestant
Sacramental View: Generally not a sacrament.
Key Features:
Focus on vows, non-Eucharistic, pastor’s blessings.
Symbolic Practices:
Rings, unity candle (varies by church).
define roles
The expected functions or positions individuals hold within a family or community, defining how they contribute to and interact with others.
define Responsibilities
The duties or obligations individuals have within their roles, including tasks or actions they are expected to perform to support and care for others.
verses that support ways to bring up children
Proverbs 22:6 – “Start children off on the way they should go, and even when they are old they will not turn from it.”
-raise kids with love & disciple
Ephesians 6:4 – “Fathers, do not exasperate your children; instead, bring them up in the training and instruction of the Lord.”
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1 Timothy 5:1-2 – “Do not rebuke an older man harshly, but exhort him as if he were your father. Treat younger men as brothers, older women as mothers, and younger women as sisters, with absolute purity.”
Exodus 20:12 – “Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the Lord your God is giving you.”
-show unity & love in the family
Leviticus 19:32 – “Stand up in the presence of the aged, show respect for the elderly and revere your God.”
-honoring & respecting elderly
roles of fathers, mothers & children
men - leaders, Breadwinner
women - nurturing roles, Homemaker
both parents - equally responsible for raising their children and caring for one another.
Caregiver - Children and parents share care responsibilities for elder
how does changing social norms affect traditional family structure
-changing expectations about gender roles
-both parents often share financial and homemaking responsibilities
-This shift makes it harder to keep traditional roles
verses that support traditional roles of men & women
Ephesians 5:22-23 – “Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church…”
1 Corinthians 11:3 – “But I want you to realize that the head of every man is Christ, and the head of the woman is man, and the head of Christ is God.”
Titus 2:4-5 – “…and so train the young women to love their husbands and children, to be self-controlled, pure, working at home, kind, and submissive to their own husbands…”
1 Timothy 2:12 – “I do not permit a woman to teach or to assume authority over a man; she must be quiet.”
Colossians 3:18 – “Wives, submit yourselves to your husbands, as is fitting in the Lord.”
verses that challenge traditional roles of men & women
Galatians 3:28 – “There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.”
Genesis 1:27 – “So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them.”
Proverbs 31:10-11 – Describes a “wife of noble character” who “considers a field and buys it… works vigorously” and has the “full confidence” of her husband, showing partnership.
Ephesians 5:21 – “Submit to one another out of reverence for Christ,” calling for mutual submission in Christian relationships.
1 Peter 3:7 – “Husbands, in the same way be considerate as you live with your wives, and treat them with respect… as heirs with you of the gracious gift of life.”
define divorce in a Christian perspective
divorce signifies the dissolution of the marital covenant, which is generally viewed as a lifelong commitment made before God.
when is divorce good & Catholic, Orthodox & Protestant beliefs on them
-only when it protects well being
Catholics allow civil separation but require annulment for remarriage.
Orthodox view divorce as a compassionate option in cases like adultery or abuse.
Protestants permit divorce in cases of serious harm, focusing on forgiveness and personal dignity.
Protestant teachings on divorce
-generally more flexibility regarding divorce in cases of adultery, abuse, or abandonment.
-allow remarriage after divorce if they believe the marriage ended for legitimate reasons, especially if it aligns with Jesus’ teachings on adultery in Matthew 19:9.
Orthodox teachings on divorce
-Divorce is generally discouraged, but permitted in certain situations marriage has been irrevocably damaged (such as through adultery or abuse).
-allows for remarriage but often with restrictions and a more penitential second wedding service, acknowledging the sadness of a broken marriage while allowing for the possibility of a new beginning.
Catholic teachings on divorce
-Divorce itself is not recognized within the Church, as Catholics believe that a valid marriage cannot be broken.
-permits civil divorce in cases where couples need to separate for legal or safety reasons.
-For a marriage to be truly dissolved within the Church, an annulment is required, which is a declaration that the marriage was never valid in the first place (e.g., if essential elements of marriage, such as full consent, were missing). Without an annulment, Catholics who divorce are generally not permitted to remarry within the Church.
slides: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/19p4i4kLj5iyLCyXKNxW1yiDNz0xxWmRuL8sro-IIvQ0/edit#slide=id.g312bdf7905f_0_228
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScZ_bg7FBd6215UDQD7pS6HdKRNlFVyonGoBHtd4rAH8yPyKw/viewscore?viewscore=AE0zAgCnZm11ZNDmCximxU0HS_IFZHeTJKOyIJ8VZnvXsV1OZJGVDBr7cJvUpdPhRA
