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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LECTURE > C3 - LESSON 1: ANTIGENS > Flashcards

C3 - LESSON 1: ANTIGENS Flashcards

1
Q
  • macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetent host.
A

Immunogens

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2
Q
  • substance that stimulates antibody formation and has the ability to bind to an antibody or a T lymphocytes antigen receptor but may not be able to evoke an immune response initially (e.g., haptens)
A

Antigens

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3
Q

ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response

A

Immunogenicity

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4
Q

ability to combine specifically with the final products of the immune response

A

• Antigenicity

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5
Q

Factors Influencing the Immune Response

A
  1. Age
  2. Overall health
  3. Dose
  4. Route of inoculation
  5. Genetic capacity
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6
Q

Age

A

a. Elderly b. Neonates

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7
Q

Overall health

A

a. Malnutrition, fatigue or stress

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8
Q

Route of inoculation

A

a. Intravenous (into a vein)
b. Intradermal (into the skin)
c. Subcutaneous (beneath the skin)
d. Oral contact

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9
Q

Genetic capacity

A

a. Linked to MHC and to receptors generated during T- and B- lymphocyte development.
b. MHC

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10
Q

Traits of Immunogens

A
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11
Q

Immunogens
a. Weight:
b. Best immunogens:
c. Rule of thumb:

A

a. Weight: 10,000 Daltons (MW)
b. Best immunogens: 100,000 Daltons
c. Rule of thumb:

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12
Q

Lymphocyte capable of reacting with self-antigen is normally eliminated

A

Foreignness

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13
Q

Chemical composition and molecular complexity

A

a. Proteins and polysaccharides are the best immunogens
b. Carbohydrates-
c. Lipids and nucleic acid-

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14
Q

must be subject to antigen processing which involves enzymatic digestion to create small peptides or pieces that can be complexed to MHC molecules to present to responsive lymphocytes.

A

The ability to be processed and presented with MHC molecules

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15
Q
A

Poor immunogen

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16
Q
A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q
A

Lipids and nucleic acid

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18
Q

Foreignness Rule of thumb:

A
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19
Q

Macromolecular size Rule of thumb:

A
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20
Q

Antigenic determinants

A

Epitopes

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21
Q

part of an antigen which reacts specifically with an antibody or T lymphocyte receptor

A

Epitopes

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22
Q

Epitopes may be repeating copies or they may have differing specificities:

A

A. SEQUENTIAL OR LINEAR EPITOPES
B. CONFORMATIONAL EPITOPES

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23
Q

Example: Amino acids following one another on a single chain

A

A. SEQUENTIAL OR LINEAR EPITOPES

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24
Q

Results from the folding of one chain or multiple chains, bringing certain amino acids from different segments of a linear sequence or sequences into close proximity with each other so they can be recognized together.

A

B. CONFORMATIONAL EPITOPES

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25
Q

React with both linear and conformational epitopes present on the surface of an immunogen

A

Recognition of Epitopes by B cells

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26
Q

Anything that is capable of cross-linking surface immunoglobulin molecules is able to trigger Bcell activation.

A

Recognition of Epitopes by B cells

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27
Q

immunogen does not necessarily have to be degraded first.

A

Recognition of Epitopes by B cells

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28
Q

able to recognize an immunogen it must first be degraded into small peptides by an antigenpresenting cell (APC)

A

Recognition of Epitopes by T cells

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29
Q

peptides form a complex with MHC proteins and are carried to the surface of the APC.

A

Recognition of Epitopes by T cells

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30
Q

Small organic molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic

A

HAPTENS

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31
Q

Capable of reaction with antibody however precipitation or agglutination will not occur

A

HAPTENS

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32
Q

Coupling to a carrier: hapten-carrier conjugate

A

HAPTENS

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33
Q

The Specificity of Serological Reactions

A

Karl Landsteiner

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34
Q

He discovered that antibodies not only recognize chemical features such as polarity, hydrophobicity, and ionic charge, but the overall three-dimensional configuration is also important.

A

Karl Landsteiner

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35
Q

is a substance, distinct from antigen, that enhances T cell activation by promoting the accumulation of APCs at a site of antigen exposure and by enhancing the expression of costimulators and cytokines by the APCs.

A

ADJUVANT

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36
Q

It enhances response to immunization.

A

ADJUVANT

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37
Q

ADJUVANT

Example: (?)- used to complex with the immunogen to increase its size and to prevent a rapid escape from the tissues.

A

Aluminum salts

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38
Q

ADJUVANT Effects

A

o Antigen persistence is prolonged
o Co-stimulatory signals are enhanced
o Local inflammation is increased
o Non-specific proliferation of lymphocytes is stimulated

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39
Q
  • antigens that belong to the host
A

Autoantigens

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40
Q
  • from other members of the host’s species
A

Alloantigens

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41
Q
  • from other species such as other animals, plants or microorganisms
A

Heteroantigens

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42
Q
  • heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals
A

Heterophile Antigens

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43
Q

Relationship of Antigens to the Host

A
44
Q

Physical Nature of Antigens

A
45
Q

Chemical Nature of Antigens

A
46
Q
  • degree to which antigenic determinants are recognized as non-self by an individual’s immune system
A

Foreignness

47
Q
  • For an antigen to be recognized as foreign by an individual’s immune system, sufficient antigens to stimulate an immune response must be present
A

Degradability

48
Q
  • The higher the (?), the better the molecule will function as an antigen.
A

Molecular Weight

49
Q

The number of antigenic determinants on a molecule is directly related to its size.

A

Molecular Weight

50
Q
  • If a molecule is an effective antigen (?) is mandatory.
A

Structural Stability

51
Q

If a structure is unstable (e.g., gelatin) the molecule will be a poor antigen

A

Structural Stability

52
Q
  • The more (?) an antigen, the greater is its effectiveness
A

Complexity

53
Q
  • excellent antigens because of their high molecular weight and structural complexity
A

Proteins

54
Q
  • inferior antigens because of their relative simplicity and lack of structural complexity
A

Lipid

55
Q
  • poor antigens because of relative simplicity, molecular flexibility, and rapid degradation
A

Nucleic acids

56
Q
  • by themselves are considered too small to function as antigens
A

Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

57
Q

Tightly linked cluster of genes

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

58
Q

Participates in the development of HMI and CMI

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

59
Q

Plays a role in intracellular recognition of antigens

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

60
Q

Discrimination of self from non self

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

61
Q

Partly determines response of an individual to antigens of infectious disease and graft rejection

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

62
Q

Implicated in susceptibility to disease and development of autoimmunity

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

63
Q

Name was given by Dausset

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens

64
Q

they were first defined by discovering an antibody response to circulating white blood cells

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens

65
Q

Also known as MHC molecule; because they determine whether transplanted tissue is histocompatible and thus accepted or recognized as foreign and rejected.

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens

66
Q

Main function is to bring antigen to the cell surface for recognition by T cells, because T- cell activation will occur only when antigen is combined with MHC molecules.

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens

67
Q

Genes controlling expression of these molecules are actually a system of genes known as the

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

68
Q

a. Endogenous pathway of antigen presentation

A
  1. Class I molecules- synthesized in the rEr
69
Q

a. partial digestion of proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm.

A
  1. Peptides bind with the class I molecules
70
Q

b. intracellular peptides may include viral, tumor, or even bacterial antigens.

A
  1. Peptides bind with the class I molecules
71
Q

c. Digestion- carried out by proteases that reside in large cytoplasmic complexes- proteasomes.

A
  1. Peptides bind with the class I molecules
72
Q
  • Transporters associated with antigen processing
A
  1. TAP1 and TAP2
73
Q
  • brings the TAP transporters into close proximity to the newly formed MHC molecules
A
  1. Tapasin
74
Q

class I MHC complexes contain self-peptides- ignored by the T cells

A
  • In healthy cells
75
Q

derived from viral proteins or proteins associated with cancerous states

A
  • Diseased cells peptides
76
Q
  • complex with CD8+ T cells
A

Class I molecules

77
Q
  • produces cytokines
A

CD8+ T cell

78
Q
  • cause lysis of the entire cell
A

CD8+ T cell

79
Q

CLASS II MOLECULE
1. Class II MHC binds (?) to block binding of endogenous antigen.
2. MHC complex goes through (?).
3. Invariant chain is degraded, leaving (?).
4. Exogenous antigen taken in and degraded and routed to (?).
5. CLIP fragment exchanged for antigenic peptide.
6. (?) is transported to cell surface.
7. (?) binds to CD4 T cell.

A

invariant chain

Golgi complex

CLIP fragment

intracellular vesicle

Class II MHC antigenic peptide

Class II MHC peptide complex

80
Q

Found virtually on all body tissue cells

A

Class I MHC

81
Q

Platelets express primarily Class I HLA-A and HLA-B antigens

A

Class I MHC

82
Q

Found on B lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, early hematopoietic cells, and some tumor cells

A

Class II MHC

83
Q

consist of secreted proteins with immune function.

A
84
Q

Complement components C2, C4a, C4b, and factor B

A
85
Q

Steroid enzymes 21hydroxylase enzyme A and 21-hydroxylase enzyme B -Inflammatory proteins TNF-α and TNF-β.

A
86
Q

Heat shock proteins such as HSP70.

A
87
Q

These are not related structurally to the MHC-I and MHC-II molecules.

A
88
Q

They have no role in antigen presentation. -They do play a role in the immune response.

A

Class III MHC

89
Q

Class I MHC

A

HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C

90
Q

Class II MHC Gene products

A

DP
DQ
DR

91
Q

Class III MHC Gene products

A

Complement
TNF
Heat Shock Protein
Steroid Enzymes

92
Q

Antigen specificity: 8-10 amino acid peptide length

A

Class I MHC

93
Q

Antigen specificity: 13-18 amino acid peptides

A

Class II MHC

94
Q

Antigen presentation: CD8+ T cells

A

Class I MHC

95
Q

Antigen presentation: CD4+ T cells

A

Class II MHC

96
Q

Cellular location of recognition: Endogenous – (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

Class I MHC

97
Q

Cellular location of recognition: Exogenous – (membrane receptor)

A

Class II MHC

98
Q

Cellular location of recognition: Membrane receptor

A

Class III MHC

99
Q

(?) will have an increased survival rate of the patient and a decreased risk of graft vs. host disease if HLA and MHC matching between donor and recipient is done.

A

Organ transplant & bone marrow transplant

100
Q

(?) between donor and recipient is useful to patients who are retractile to random donor platelets

A

Platelet transfusion matching

101
Q

(?) exerts the strongest influence on long-term kidney survival after a transplant.

A

HLA compatibility

102
Q

HLA identical donors for bone marrow transplantation to reduce the frequency of (?).

A

graft vs. host disease

103
Q

(?) for exclusion or non-exclusion.

A

Paternity testing

104
Q

Association between HLA phenotype and some diseases

A

Disease association

105
Q

is found in >90% of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, but in only 10% normal individuals.

A

HLA-B27

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LECTURE (12 decks)

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