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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LECTURE > C2 - LESSON 1: NATURAL IMMUNITY > Flashcards

C2 - LESSON 1: NATURAL IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

Ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions

A

NATURAL IMMUNITY

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2
Q

Factors involved in natural immunity:

A
  1. Physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes
  2. Genetically controlled susceptibility and non-susceptibility to certain diseases
  3. Inflammation- involves a vascular response and a cellular response by phagocytic cells
  4. Acute-phase plasma proteins, such as C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen, which are produced in response to injury and aid in wound healing
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3
Q

Factors Influencing Innate Immunity:

A

a. Age
b. Nutritional Status
c. Hormonal Levels

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4
Q

Mechanisms of Innate Immunity

A

a. Anatomic Barriers
b. Physiologic Barriers
c. Phagocytosis
d. Inflammatory Responses

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5
Q
  • first barrier to infection.
A

• Unbroken Skin and mucosal membrane surfaces

Keratinization

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6
Q
  • microorganisms normally inhabiting the skin and membranes
A

• Normal flora

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7
Q

provides additional protection to the respiratory tract.

A

• Constant motion of the cilia of the tubules

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8
Q

• Secretions - mucus adhering to the membranes of the nose and nasopharynx traps microorganisms, which can be expelled by

A

coughing or sneezing.

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9
Q
  • produced by the sebaceous glands of the skin and lactic acid in sweat both possess antimicrobial properties.
A

Sebum (oil)

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10
Q
  • protects the auditory canals from infectious disease
A

Earwax (cerumen)

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11
Q

Secretions produced in the elimination of

A

liquid and solid waste

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12
Q

Acidity and alkalinity of the

A

stomach and intestinal tract

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13
Q

Acidity of the

A

vagina

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14
Q
  • characterized as a nonspecific mechanism.
A

Natural immunity (inborn or innate resistance)

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15
Q

If a microorganism penetrates the skin or mucosal membranes, a (?) becomes operational.

A

second line of cellular and humoral defense mechanisms

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16
Q

The elements of natural resistance include:

A

▪ phagocytic cells
▪ complement
▪ acute inflammatory reaction

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17
Q

Cellular Factors

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Basophils and Mast Cells
  3. Natural Killer Cells
  4. Antigen Presenting Cells
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18
Q

Humoral Factors

A
  1. Complement System
  2. Cytokines
  3. Interferons
  4. Inflammatory Substances
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19
Q

Phagocytic Cells

A
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20
Q

polymorphonuclear neutrophilic (PMN) leukocyte

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

50-70% of total population

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

10-15 um in diameter

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

Contain neutral staining granules

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

Neutrophil granules

A

➢ Primary (Azurophilic granules)
➢ Secondary (Collagenase and lysozymes

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25
Q

12-15 um in diameter

A

Eosinophil

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26
Q

1-3% of circulating WBC (Non-allergic individual)

A

Eosinophil

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27
Q

In staining-takes up the acid eosin dye

A

Eosinophil

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28
Q

Found in very small numbers

A

Basophils

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29
Q

10-15 um in diameter

A

Basophils

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30
Q

Contains course densely staining deep-bluish granules

A

Basophils

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31
Q

Basophil Granules:

A

histamine, small amount of heparin and Chemotactic factor –A

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32
Q

Resembles basophils

A

Mast Cells

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33
Q

Widely distributed through-out the body

A

Mast Cells

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34
Q

Mast Cell Granules:

A

acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and protease

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35
Q

Important in hypersensitivity reaction

A

Mast Cells

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36
Q

12-22 umm in diameter

A

Monocytes/Mononuclear cells

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37
Q

Horse shoe shape nucleus

A

Monocytes/Mononuclear cells

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38
Q

Dust like granules

A

Monocytes/Mononuclear cells

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39
Q

4-10% of total circulating WBC

A

Monocytes/Mononuclear cells

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40
Q

Stay in the peripheral blood for up to 70 hours then migrate to tissues to become macrophages

A

Monocytes/Mononuclear cells

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41
Q

Contains peroxidase enzyme

A

Monocytes/Mononuclear cells

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42
Q

All arise from monocytes

A

Tissue Macrophages

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43
Q

25-80 um

A

Tissue Macrophages

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44
Q

No peroxidase enzyme

A

Tissue Macrophages

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45
Q

Names are specific for tissue location

A

Tissue Macrophages

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46
Q

Tissue Macrophages Functions:

A

Microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis and antigen presentation

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47
Q

Covered with long membranous extensions

A

Dendritic Cells

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48
Q

Dendritic Cells Main function:

A

Phagocytosis and presentation of antigens to helper T lymphocytes

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49
Q

Classified according to tissue location

A

Dendritic Cells

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50
Q
A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS

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51
Q

Originally discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS

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52
Q

Set of transmembrane receptors that recognize different types of PAMPs.

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS

53
Q

TLRs are found on

A

macrophages, dendritic cells and epithelial cells

54
Q

The highest concentration of these TLRs occurs on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS

55
Q

The process of phagocytosis consists of four main steps:

A

(1) physical contact between the white cell and the foreign particle
(2) formation of a phagosome
(3) fusion with cytoplasmic granules to form a phagolysosome, and
(4) digestion and release of debris to the outside

56
Q
  1. Physical Contact Between the WBC and the foreign particle
A

• Neutrophils
• Selectins
• Diapedesis
• Chemotaxis
• Receptors
• Opsonins
• Chemo-attractants:
• Clean up injured or dead host cells

57
Q
  • Serum proteins which attach to the foreign substance and prepare it for phagocytosis
A

Opsonins

58
Q
A

Chemo-attractants

59
Q

cell membrane invaginates and pseudopodia (outflowing of cytoplasm) surround the pathogen

A

Formation of Phagosome

60
Q

Increase in Oxygen consumption

A

Formation of Phagosome

61
Q

Contact with cytoplasmic granules

A
62
Q

Fusion between granules and phagosome occurs

A
63
Q

Digestion: Granules-

A
64
Q

results from the generation of bactericidal metabolites.

A

Oxygen-dependent Pathway

65
Q
  • Hexose monophosphate shunt: NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) → NADPH
A

Oxidative metabolism

66
Q
  • Radical O2(superoxide) is formed- highly toxic
A

Oxidative metabolism

67
Q
  • By adding hydrogen ions, the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide or the hydroxyl radical OH
A

Oxidative metabolism

68
Q
  • enhanced by the formation of hypochlorite ions through the action of the enzyme myeloperoxidase in the presence of chloride ions.
A

Microbial effect

69
Q

is a powerful oxidizing agent and is highly toxic for microorganisms.

A

Hypochlorite

70
Q

depolarizes the membrane when fusion with the phagosome occurs, allowing hydrogen and potassium ions to enter the vacuole

A

NADPH oxidase

71
Q

alters the pH

A

NADPH oxidase

72
Q

released from lysosomal granules

A

Defensins

73
Q

are able to cleave segments of bacterial cell walls without the benefit of oxygen

A

Defensins

74
Q

kill a wide spectrum of organisms, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, many fungi, and some viruses

A

Defensins

75
Q
  • damage bacterial cell membrane
A

Cathepsin G

76
Q

Digestion and Release of Debris to the outside of the cell

A

Exocytosis

77
Q

Overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent

A

INFLAMMATION

78
Q

Cardinal Signs

A

i. Rubor
ii. Calor
iii. Tumor
iv. Dolor
v. Functio Laesa

79
Q

Major Events
1. (?) to the infected area
2. (?) caused by retraction of endothelial cells lining the vessels;
3. (?), mainly neutrophils, from the capillaries to the surrounding tissue;
4. (?) to the injured area
5. (?) stimulate phagocytosis of microorganisms

A

Increased blood supply

Increased capillary permeability

Migration of white blood cells

Migration of macrophages

Acute-phase reactants

80
Q
  • chemical mediator released from injured mast cells- cause dilation → redness and heat (rubor and calor)
A

Histamine

81
Q

→ allows fluids in the plasma to leak to the tissues→ swelling and pain

A

• Increased permeability of the vessels

82
Q

• Soluble mediators- (?)→ initiate and control the response

A

APR

83
Q

→ occurs through formation of clots; triggering the fibrinolytic system Neutrophils- mobilized within 30-60 minutes o major type of cell present in acute inflammation

A

• Amplification

84
Q
  • mobilized within 30-60 minutes ; major type of cell present in acute inflammation
A

Neutrophils

85
Q
  • last 24-48 hours
A

• Neutrophil emigration

86
Q
  • peaks at 16-48 hours, attempt to clear the area through phagocytosis
A

• Macrophage migration

87
Q

is prolonged→ tissue damage→ loss of function

A

• Chronic- inflammatory process

88
Q

Mediators of Inflammation

A
89
Q
  • binds to receptors on nearby capillaries and venules, causing vasodilatation and increased permeability.
A
  1. Histamine
90
Q
  • Tissue injury activates these small peptides, which then cause vasodilatation and increased permeability of capillaries.
A
  1. Kinins
91
Q
  • produced at an increased concentration in plasma during acute-phase reaction, as a nonspecific response to microorganisms and other forms of tissue injury.
A
  1. Acute Phase Proteins
92
Q
  • cationic peptides that produce pores in membrane of the bacteria and thereby kill them.
A
  1. Defensins
93
Q

sensitive indicators of the presence of inflammatory disease and are especially useful in monitoring such conditions.

A

Acute-phase reactants

94
Q

These are normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least 25 percent due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues

A

Acute-phase reactants

95
Q

are normal serum constituents that increase rapidly because of infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.

A

Acute-phase reactants

96
Q

Many acts by binding to microorganisms and promoting adherence, the first step in phagocytosis.

A

Acute-phase reactants

97
Q

Synthesized in the liver in response to cytokines called proinflammatory cytokines

A

Acute-phase reactants

98
Q

proinflammatory cytokines:

A

interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6)

99
Q

Trace constituent of serum

A

C-Reactive Protein

100
Q

C-Reactive Protein Elevated levels:

A

Bacterial infection, Rheumatic fever, Viral infection, malignant diseases, Tuberculosis, After heart attack

101
Q

• C-Reactive Protein Function:

A

Capable of opsonization, Agglutination, Precipitation, Complement activation

102
Q

In plasma, it has a high affinity for HDL cholesterol and is transported by HDL to the site of infection.

A

Serum Amyloid A

103
Q

Acts as a chemical messenger, similar to a cytokine, and it activates monocytes and macrophages to then produce products that increase inflammation.

A

Serum Amyloid A

104
Q

The overall function is the mediation of inflammation

A

Complement

105
Q

Complement Major function:

A

Chemotaxis, Opsonization, Lysis of cells

106
Q

Able to recognize foreign carbohydrates such as mannose and several other sugar

A

Mannose Binding Protein

107
Q

Lack of (?): Associated with recurrent yeast infection

A

Mannose Binding Protein

108
Q

Major component of the alpha band in serum electrophoresis

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

109
Q

Produced from Leukocytes

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

110
Q

Counteract the effects of elastase

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

111
Q

Regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

112
Q

Primary function
o (?) to free hemoglobin
o Acts as an (?)
o (?) of free hemoglobin
o Plays important role in protecting the (?) from damage
o Prevents loss of (?) by urinary excretion

A

Bind irreversibly

antioxidant

Prevents loss

kidney

iron

113
Q

Most abundant of the coagulation factors in plasma

A

Fibrinogen

114
Q

Forms fibrils that make up a fibrin clot

A

Fibrinogen

115
Q

Fibrinogen Function

A

Increases strength of wound and stimulates endothelial cell adhesion

116
Q

Principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma, binding more than 70% of the copper found in plasma

A

Ceruloplasmin

117
Q

Acts as an enzyme, converting the toxic ferrous ion (Fe2+) to the non-toxic ferric form (Fe3+).

A

Ceruloplasmin

118
Q

Opsonization, complement activation

A

C-reactive protein

119
Q

Removal of cholesterol

A

Serum Amyloid A

120
Q

Protease inhibitor

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin

121
Q

Clot formation

A

Fibrinogen

122
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Haptoglobin

123
Q

Binds copper and oxidizes iron

A

Ceruloplasmin

124
Q

Opsonization, lysis

A

Complement C3

125
Q
  • major humoral (fluid) component of natural immunity.
A

Complement proteins

126
Q

Other substances of the humoral component include (?), sometimes described as natural antibiotics.

A

lysozymes and interferon

127
Q

is a family of proteins produced rapidly by many cells in response to viral infection

A

Interferon

128
Q

it blocks the replication of virus in other cells.

A

Interferon

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LECTURE (12 decks)

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