C1 - LESSON 2: HISTORY AND FOUNDATION OF IMMUNOLOGY

Question 1

The discipline of immunology grew out of the observation that individuals who had (?) from certain infectious diseases were thereafter (?) from the disease.

Answer 1

recovered; protected

Question 2

The Latin term (?), meaning “exempt,” is the source of the English word immunity, meaning the state of protection from infectious disease.

Answer 2

immunis

Question 3

As early as (?), during the plague in Athens, (?) recorded that individuals who had previously contracted the disease recovered and he recognized their “immune” status.

Answer 3

430 BC; Thucydides

Question 4

(?) - (?) developed a practice of inhaling powder made from (?) in order to produce protection against this dreaded disease.

Answer 4

1500s

Chinese

smallpox scabs

Question 5

• practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions.

Answer 5

Variolation

Question 6

In the 15th century, (?) were inserted with a pin into the skin.

Answer 6

powdered smallpox “crusts”

Question 7

When this practice became popular in England, it was discouraged at first, partly because the practice of (?) occasionally killed or disfigured a patient.

Answer 7

inoculation

Question 8

is generally considered to be the Father of Immunology.

Answer 8

Louis Pasteur

Question 9

• Edward Jenner discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox.

Answer 9

1700s

Question 10

• procedure of injecting cellular material.

Answer 10

Vaccination

Question 11

the Latin word for “cow”

Answer 11

vacca

Question 12

• phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent.

Answer 12

Cross-immunity

Question 13

, a key figure in the development of both microbiology and immunology, accidentally found that old cultures would not cause disease in chickens

Answer 13

Louis Pasteur

Question 14

Subsequent injections of more virulent organisms had no effect on the (?) that had been previously exposed to the older cultures. In this manner, the first attenuated vaccine was discovered.

Answer 14

birds

Question 15

• to make a pathogen less virulent through heat, aging or chemical means.

Answer 15

Attenuation

Question 16

Smallpox vaccination

Answer 16

1798 Jenner

Question 17

Phagocytosis

Answer 17

1862 Haeckel

Question 18

Live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines

Answer 18

1880-1881 Pasteur

Question 19

Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis

Answer 19

1883-1905 Metchnikoff

Question 20

Therapeutic vaccination; First report of live “attenuated” vaccine for rabies

Answer 20

1885 Pasteur

Question 21

Humoral theory of immunity proposed

Answer 21

1890 Von Behring, Kitasata

Question 22

Demonstration of cutaneous hypersensitivity

Answer 22

1891 Koch

Question 23

Antibody formation theory

Answer 23

1900 Ehrlich

Question 24

Immediate-hypersensitivity anaphylaxis

Answer 24

1902 Portier, Richet

Question 25

Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity

Answer 25

1903 Arthus

Question 26

Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding

Answer 26

1938 Marrack

Question 27

Hypothesis of allograft rejection

Answer 27

1944

Question 28

Development of polio vaccine

Answer 28

1949 Salk, Sabin

Question 29

Vaccine against yellow fever

Answer 29

1951 Reed

Question 30

Graft-versus-host reaction

Answer 30

1953

Question 31

Clonal selection theory

Answer 31

1957 Burnet

Question 32

Interferon

Answer 32

1957

Question 33

*Antihistamines

Answer 33

1957 Daniel Bovet

Question 34

HLA’s

Answer 34

1958-1962

Question 35

T cell and B cell cooperation in immune response

Answer 35

1964-1968

Question 36

Identification of antibody molecule

Answer 36

1972

Question 37

*Chemical structure of antibodies

Answer 37

1972 Rodney R. Porter & Gerald M. Edelman

Question 38

First monoclonal antibodies

Answer 38

1975 Kohler

Question 39

*Development of radioimmunoassay

Answer 39

1977 Rosalyn R. Yalow

Question 40

*Major histocompatibility complex

Answer 40

1980 George Snell Jean Dausset Baruj Benacerraf

Question 41

*Immune regulatory theories

Answer 41

1984 Niels K. Jerne

Question 42

Identification of genes for T cell receptor

Answer 42

1985-1987

Question 43

Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine

Answer 43

1986

Question 44

Th1 versus Th2 model of T helper cell function

Answer 44

1986 Mosmann

Question 45

*Gene rearrangement in antibody production

Answer 45

1987 Susumu Tonegawa

Question 46

Identification of toll-like receptors

Answer 46

1996-1998

Question 47

FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development

Answer 47

2001

Question 48

Development of human papillomavirus vaccine

Answer 48

2005 Frazer