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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LECTURE > C2 - LESSON 2: ACQUIRED IMMUNITY > Flashcards

C2 - LESSON 2: ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

Allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, an antigen.

A

Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

Results in the elimination of microorganisms and recovery from disease and the host often acquires a specific immunologic memory which allows the host to respond more effectively if reinfection with the same microorganism occurs.

A

Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity

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3
Q

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

A
  1. B Lymphocytes
  2. T Lymphocytes
  3. Natural Killer Cells
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4
Q

Lymphocytes: key cells involved in the immune response

A
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5
Q

20-40%

A

Lymphocytes:

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6
Q

: 7-10um

A

Typical small lymphocyte

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7
Q

large rounded nucleus that is indented

A

Lymphocytes:

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8
Q

Nuclear chromatic: dense and stains deep blue

A

Lymphocytes:

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9
Q

Cytoplasm stains a lighter blue

A

Lymphocytes:

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10
Q

Contains few organelles and with no granules

A

Lymphocytes:

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11
Q

➔ mature in the bone marrow and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.

A

B Lymphocytes

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12
Q

➔ Recognize via membrane bound antibodies- can recognize many different chemical structure

A

B Lymphocytes

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13
Q

B Lymphocytes ➔ Surface markers:

A

CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40 and MHC class II molecules

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14
Q

➔ Develop in the bone marrow

A

B Lymphocytes

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15
Q

➔ Found in bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

A

B Lymphocytes

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16
Q

➔ Identified by surface immunoglobulin

A

B Lymphocytes

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17
Q

➔ End product of activation is antibody

A

B Lymphocytes

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18
Q

➔ Located in cortical region of lymph nodes

A

B Lymphocytes

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19
Q

➔ mature in the thymus and serve a regulatory role by providing help to B cells in responding to antigens as well as by killing virally infected target cells.

A

T Lymphocytes

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20
Q

➔ can only recognize peptide fragments that are presented by Antigen presenting cells via molecules known as MhC (present on surface of APC)

A

T Lymphocytes

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21
Q

T Lymphocytes ➔ Antigens include

A

CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8

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22
Q

➔ Located in paracortical region of lymph nodes

A

T Lymphocytes

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23
Q

➔ Develop in the thymus

A

T Lymphocytes

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24
Q

➔ Found in blood (60–80% of circulating lymphocytes), thoracic duct fluid, lymph nodes

A

T Lymphocytes

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25
Q

➔ Identified by rosette formation with SRBCs

A

T Lymphocytes

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26
Q

➔ End products of activation are cytokines

A

T Lymphocytes

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27
Q

2 subsets of T cells which proliferate when stimulated

A
  1. CD4+ helper T cell

2.CD8+ cytotoxic T cell

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28
Q

secretes soluble molecules which helps B cell to produce antibodies and activates macrophages

A
  1. CD4+ helper T cell
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29
Q

secretes soluble mediators-play important role in killing virus infection and tumor cells

A

2.CD8+ cytotoxic T cell

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30
Q

Have the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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31
Q

Larger than T and B cells (15 um in diameter)

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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32
Q

10-15% of the circulating lymphoid pool

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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33
Q

No surface markers that are unique to NK cells

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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34
Q

Play an important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and the adaptive immune response against pathogens

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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35
Q

TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

A
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36
Q

➔ Immunity induced by exposure to a foreign antigen

A

Active Immunity

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37
Q

➔ It is the resistance developed by an individual after contact with foreign antigens

A

Active Immunity

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38
Q
  • acquired by natural clinical or subclinical infections.
A

Natural Active Immunity

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39
Q
  • Long- lasting
A

Natural Active Immunity

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40
Q
  • induced in individuals by vaccines
A

Artificial Active Immunity

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41
Q
  • These may be live vaccines, killed vaccines, or vaccines containing bacterial products
A

Artificial Active Immunity

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42
Q

Mediated by antibodies

A

ACTIVE Humoral Immunity

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43
Q

Involves immunoglobulin (antibody) production by B lymphocytes.

A

ACTIVE Humoral Immunity

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44
Q

Complement can also be considered a humoral component because it can be activated by immunoglobulin.

A

ACTIVE Humoral Immunity

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45
Q

Principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes

A

ACTIVE Humoral Immunity

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46
Q

Mediated by both activated T Helper cells and Cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

A

ACTIVE Cellular Immunity

47
Q

Cytokines secreted by TH cells activate various phagocytic cells, enabling them to phagocytose and kill microorganisms.

A

ACTIVE Cellular Immunity

48
Q

CTLs play an important role in killing virusinfected cells and tumor cells.

A

ACTIVE Cellular Immunity

49
Q

Active Immunity

A
50
Q

Passive Immunity

A
51
Q

Observed when IgG is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy.

A

Natural passive immunity

52
Q

Forms the basis of prevention of neonatal tetanus in neonates

A

Natural passive immunity

53
Q

Induced in an individual by administration of preformed antibodies, generally in the form of antiserum, raised against an infecting agent.

A

Artificial passive immunity

54
Q

E.g. Preformed antibodies against rabies and hepatitis A and B

A

Artificial passive immunity

55
Q
  • involves immunoglobulin (antibody) production by B lymphocytes.
A

PASSIVE Humoral Immunity

56
Q

Complement can also be considered a humoral component because it can be activated by immunoglobulin.

A

Complement can also be considered a humoral component because it can be activated by immunoglobulin. The humoral response occurs in 3 phases:

57
Q

The passive humoral response occurs in 3 phases:

A
  1. Antigen elimination
  2. The primary response
  3. The secondary response
58
Q

This phase is accomplished by phagocytosis. Most injected antigen is removed within minutes, but complete removal may take months or years.

A
  1. Antigen elimination
59
Q

After exposure to an antigen, there is a latent period of approximately 5 to 15 days before antibody appears in the serum.

A

The primary response.

60
Q

The antibody titer increases, plateaus, then decreases.

A

The primary response.

61
Q

IgM is the first immunoglobulin to appear.

A

The primary response.

62
Q

Although a small amount of IgG is made later, the majority of immunoglobulin produced during a primary response is IgM.

A

The primary response.

63
Q

A second or any subsequent exposure to the same antigen elicits a

A

The secondary response

64
Q

This time, there is a rapid antibody response, usually within 2 to 4 days after antigen exposure.

A

The secondary response

65
Q

IgG is the predominant immunoglobulin.

A

The secondary response

66
Q

The circulating antibody titer is much higher and lasts longer than that seen in the primary response.

A

The secondary response

67
Q

is especially important in viral and fungal infections and in infections caused by acid-fast bacilli (e.g., tuberculosis, Hansen’s disease)

A

PASSIVE Cell mediated immunity

68
Q

play a role in PASSIVE cell-mediated immunity

A

Macrophages, Tc, and NK cells

69
Q

Cells with cytolytic activity and Fc receptors, especially NK cells, are able to directly lyse antibody-coated (usually IgG) target cells.

A

ADCC

70
Q

are protein messengers produced by cells. Many play a role in cell-mediated immunity.

A

Cytokines

71
Q

a. Lymphokines are produced primarily by activated T lymphocytes and include:

A

IL-2, IL-3, IL4, GM-CSF, B-cell growth factor 2, Macrophage activating factor, IFN-γ

72
Q

b. Monokines are produced by monocytes and include:

A

IL-1, TNFα

73
Q

Antibody mediated

A

Humoral-Mediated Immunity

74
Q

Cell mediated

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

75
Q

Cell type B lymphocytes

A

Humoral-Mediated Immunity

76
Q

Cell type T lymphocytes

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

77
Q

Antibodies in serum

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

78
Q

Primary defense against bacterial infection

A

Humoral-Mediated Immunity

79
Q

Defense against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms, tumor antigens, and graft rejection.

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

80
Q

Direct cell-to-cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

81
Q

Infection

A

Active Natural

82
Q

Vaccination

A

Active Artificial

83
Q

Transfer in vivo or colostrum

A

Passive Natural

84
Q

Infusion of serum/plasma

A

Passive Artificial

85
Q

Antibody produced by host

A

Active Natural
Active Artificial

86
Q

Antibody not produced by host

A

Passive Natural
Passive Artificial

87
Q

Long Duration of immune response

A

Active Natural
Active Artificial

88
Q

Short Duration of immune response

A

Passive Natural
Passive Artificial

89
Q

Nonspecific, natural

A

INNATE

90
Q

Specific, acquired

A

ADAPTIVE

91
Q

Not applicable, present at birth

A

INNATE

92
Q

Acquired response to antigens

A

ADAPTIVE

93
Q

Not Inducible

A

INNATE

94
Q

Inducible

A

ADAPTIVE

95
Q

Without Memory

A

INNATE

96
Q

With Memory

A

ADAPTIVE

97
Q

Rapid 0-6 hours

A

INNATE

98
Q

Slow initiation, rapid thereafter

A

ADAPTIVE

99
Q

With Phagocytosis

A

INNATE

100
Q

No Phagocytosis

A

ADAPTIVE

101
Q

PMNs. Monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, NK cells

A

INNATE

102
Q

Specific B cells, specific T cells

A

ADAPTIVE

103
Q

NonSpecific antibodies

A

INNATE

104
Q

Specific antibodies

A

ADAPTIVE

105
Q

Includes the complement system

A

INNATE

106
Q

Without the complement system

A

ADAPTIVE

107
Q

Includes physical barriers, e.g., skin and mucous membranes

A

INNATE

108
Q

No physical barriers, e.g., skin and mucous membranes

A

ADAPTIVE

109
Q

Produces interferons

A

INNATE

110
Q

No interferons

A

ADAPTIVE

111
Q

Induces fever

A

INNATE

112
Q

No fever

A

ADAPTIVE

113
Q

Causes inflammation

A

INNATE

114
Q

No inflammation

A

ADAPTIVE

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LECTURE (12 decks)

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