C2: Functions of respiratory system

Question 1

what are the intercostal muscles?

Answer 1

-group of muscles that are located in between ribs and help move thoracic cavity

Question 2

what are the external intercostal muscles responsible for?

Answer 2

-forced and quiet inhalation
-raise and expand the chest cavity

Question 3

what are the internal intercostal muscles responsible for?

Answer 3

-forced exhalation
-they depress the ribs and decrease space in the chest cavity

Question 4

what is the diaphragm?

Answer 4

-dome shaped sheet of muscle and tendon
-main muscle of respiration
-fibrous tissue that separates thoracic cavity and abdomen

contract- up and out
relaxed- down and in

Question 5

what is meant by mechanism of breathing?

Answer 5

how it works

Question 6

if the volume in the TC increases what happens to the pressure?

Answer 6

decreases

Question 7

whats boyles law?

Answer 7

volume increase= pressure decrease
volume decrease=pressure increase

Question 8

what happens during inspiration(breathing in) in general?

Answer 8

-volume of TC increases so pressure in lungs decreases.
-Atmospheric air is therefore at higher pressure so air is forced in the body

Question 9

what happens during expiration(breathing out) in general?

Answer 9

-TC returns to original size
-decrease in volume= increase in pressure
-pressure in lungs is higher than atmospheric air pressure do air is forced out

Question 10

why does it depend on pressure whether or not air is forced in or out?

Answer 10

because pressure always ‘diffuses’ to where there is less pressure

Question 11

what do external muscles do?

Answer 11

-pulls the muscle out

Question 12

what do internal muscles do?

Answer 12

-pull the muscles in

Question 13

what happens in gas exchange?

Answer 13

-blood becomes oxygenated
-diffusion of oxygen into RBC and removal of CO2

Question 14

where does gas exchange happen?

Answer 14

in alveoli and capillaries

Question 15

how are capillaries suitable for gas exchange?

Answer 15

-they are narrow(1 cell thick) and so slow blood flow so gas exchange happens more often

Question 16

what are the 4 stages of gas exchange?

Answer 16

-Pulmonary Ventilation
-Pulmonary Gas exchange
-Gas transport
-Systemic Gas exchange

Question 17

what happens during pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 17

oxygen is inhaled into the alveoli

Question 18

what happens during pulmonary gas exchange?

Answer 18

the oxygen is moved from the alveoli into the capillaries

Question 19

what happens during gas transport?

Answer 19

oxygen is moved around the body via the blood stream

Question 20

what happens during systemic gas exchange?

Answer 20

-diffusion of oxygen into working muscle cells and removal of CO2
-O2 molecules bind to haemoglobin which transports in body via erythrocytes.

Question 21

where does external respiration occur?

Answer 21

-between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

Question 22

explain what happens in external respiration

Answer 22

-There is a high concentration of CO2 in the capillaries and a low concentration in the alveoli, so CO2 diffuses into alveoli
-There is a higher concentration of O2 in the alveoli than the capillaries so O2 diffuses into the capillaries

Question 23

Where does internal respiration occur?

Answer 23

-between systemic capillaries and skeletal muscles

Question 24

what are the 4 different types of lung volumes?

Answer 24

-tidal volumes
-vital capacity
-residual volume
-total capacity

Question 25

what is tidal volume?

Answer 25

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.

Question 26

what happens to the tidal volume as we exercise?

Answer 26

increases bc more air is breathed in

Question 27

value of tidal volume?

Answer 27

500ml

Question 28

what is vital capacity?

Answer 28

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

Question 29

what happens to vital capacity due to exercise?

Answer 29

-increases from a lot of aerobic respiration leading long term adaptations like more alveoli and capillaries.
-no changes from single sessions tho

Question 30

value of vital capacity?

Answer 30

5000ml

Question 31

what is residual volume?

Answer 31

-the amount of air left in the lungs after full exhalation
-But kept slightly inflated

Question 32

what is the job of residual volume?

Answer 32

to keep the lungs inflamed so they don’t collapse

Question 33

value of residual volume?

Answer 33

1000ml

Question 34

what is total capacity?

Answer 34

vital capacity+residual volume= 6000ml

Question 35

what can be used to help remember the mechanics of breathing?

Answer 35

M-muscles
V-volume
P-pressure
A-air

Question 36

using MVPA what happens during inspiration at rest?

Answer 36

M-Diaphragm contracts(flattens) and external intercostal muscles contract
V-increase in volume of TC
P-Air pressure in lungs decrease
A-air forced into lungs

Question 37

using MVPA what happens during inspiration during exercise?

Answer 37

M-diaphragm contracts(flattens) and external intercostal muscles.Latissimus dorsi, Pectoral minor and sternocleidomastoid are contracting
V- increase in volume due to more muscles contracting
P-air pressure decreases
A- air is forced in

Question 38

using MVPA what happens during inspiration during exercise?

Answer 38

M-diaphragm contracts(flattens) and external intercostal muscles.Latissimus dorsi, Pectoral minor and sternocleidomastoid are contracting
V- increase in volume due to more muscles contracting
P-air pressure decreases
A- air is forced in

Question 39

using MVPA what happens during expiration at rest?

Answer 39

M-diaphragm relaxes back to dome shape and intercostal muscles relax
V-TC reduces in volume
P-increase pressure in lungs
A-air is forced out

Question 40

using MVPA what happens during expiration during exercise?

Answer 40

M-diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome shape.Abdominal muscles contract pushing against the diaphragm.Intercostal muscles contract
V-decrease in lung and TC volume
P-increase pressure in lungs
A-air forced out of lungs

Question 41

what is the diaphragm made up of?

Answer 41

-fibrous muscle tissue and tendons