C15- Using our resources

Question 1

Process used to make ammonia?
Balanced equation?
Key use of ammonia?

Answer 1

The Haber Process
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
For fertilisers

Question 2

2 reactants in the Haber process and how are they obtained?

Answer 2

Nitrogen (N2) fractionally distilled from the air
Hydrogen (H2) extracted from hydrocarbons in natural gas

Question 3

How is ammonia extracted after the Haber process?

Answer 3

Once it has been formed it has a lower boiling point so it condenses and is removed

Question 4

3 conditions for the Haber process

Answer 4

450℃
200 atm
Iron catalyst

Question 5

What equation is used to produce hydrogen for the Haber process?

Answer 5

Methane + steam –> hydrogen + carbon monoxide

Question 6

What pressure is ideal for the Haber process?
why is it good and bad? what is used?

Answer 6

High pressure, increases frequency of collisions, is reversible reaction so equilibrium shifts in favour of products. Low pressure reduces cost and energy usage. 200 atm

Question 7

What temp is ideal for the Haber process?
why is it good and bad? what is used?

Answer 7

High temp means larger proportion of particles exceed the activation energy. Low temp, is reversible reaction so equilibrium shifts to product side. Low temp reduces cost and energy usage. 450℃

Question 8

Is a catalyst ideal for the Haber process?
why is it good and bad? what is used?

Answer 8

Yes, pathway with lower activation energy and less energy is used for same yield. Iron catalyst

Question 9

Rusting def?

Answer 9

The corrosion of iron

Question 10

2 things needed for iron to rust?
The word equation?

Answer 10

Iron + water + oxygen–> hydrated iron (III) oxide

Question 11

2 factors that increase the rate of rusting?

Answer 11

Salt and high temperatures

Question 12

Barrier methods to prevent rust?
3 examples?

Answer 12

Keeping air and water away from iron or steel
Oil/grease, plastic, paint

Question 13

What is electroplating?

Answer 13

Using electrolysis to put a thin layer of metal on an object to prevent rust

Question 14

What is sacrificial plating?

Answer 14

Coating an object with a more reactive metal e.g zinc, which is more likely to oxidise. Zinc is sacrificed to protect the iron. Iron doesn’t need to be fully covered

Question 15

What is galvanisation?

Answer 15

Coating iron with zinc, which is more likely to oxidise so it prevents the rusting of iron

Question 16

Are alloys harder than pure metals?

Answer 16

Yes, because they have different sized atoms that are no arranged in regular layers, making them hard.

Question 17

2 copper alloys and what are they made of?

Answer 17

Bronze- copper, tin
Brass- copper, zinc

Question 18

Key feature of aluminium alloys?

Answer 18

-Lightweight as it has a low density
-Made stronger as its an alloy

Question 19

What are gold alloys usually used for?
What are they measured in?

Answer 19

Jewelry
Carats, 24-carat is almost pure gold

Question 20

Steel def?
How to make steel with different properties?

Answer 20

An alloy of iron with carbon and/or other elements
Controlling quantities of carbon and other elements with iron

Question 21

3 important types of steels and their properties?

Answer 21

High carbon steels- hard and brittle
Low carbon steels- softer, easily shaped
Stainless steels- hard, resistant to corrosion

Question 22

2 factors that affect the properties of a polymer

Answer 22

-Monomers used
-Conditions for the reaction

Question 23

2 types of poly(ethene) and their structure?

Answer 23

Low density poly(ethene)- random branches, more spread out, less atom per unit volume
High density poly(ethene)- straighter branches, packed closer together, more atoms per unit volume

Question 24

High density poly(ethene)..
Temp formed at?
Forces?
Properties?

Answer 24

Low temp
Strong intermolecular forces
High density, rigid

Question 25

Low density poly(ethene).. Temp formed at? Forces? Properties?

Answer 25

High temp Weak intermolecular forces Low density, flexible

Question 26

Thermosoftening polymer def? Reason? And so it can be...?

Answer 26

A polymer that softens or melts easily when heated Weak intermolecular forces between individual chains Remoulded

Question 27

Thermosetting polymer def? Reason? And so it will...?

Answer 27

A polymer that doesn't melt when heated Strong covalent bonds that cross-link between chains Char at high enough temps

Question 28

What is soda glass made from? What is borosilicate glass made from? Key diff between them?

Answer 28

Sand, limestone, sodium carbonate Sand and boron trioxide Borosilicate has a higher melting point

Question 29

2 things clay makes? How are they made?

Answer 29

Pottery and bricks Shaping wet clay then heating it in a furnace

Question 30

Composite def?

Answer 30

Two materials making a product with improved properties

Question 31

2 components of composites and what they do?

Answer 31

Matrix- binds them together Reinforcement- the bulk of the material

Question 32

3 fertilisers made from ammonia and their equation

Answer 32

Ammonia + nitric acid --> ammonium nitrate Ammonia + phosphoric acid --> ammonium phosphate Ammonia + sulfuric acid --> ammonium sulfate

Question 33

How can nitric acid be made?

Answer 33

From ammonia

Question 34

3 nutrients needed in fertilisers? Name of fertiliser that contains all three?

Answer 34

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium NPK

Question 35

How is phosphorus extracted for a fertiliser? 3 ways it can be treated and what is produced?

Answer 35

Mined from a rock then treated Nitric acid--> phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate Sulfuric acid--> calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate Phosphoric acid--> calcium phosphate

Question 36

How is nitrogen extracted for a fertiliser? Example of fertiliser it makes?

Answer 36

Comes from ammonia (made in the Haber process) and reacted with acids Ammonium nitrate

Question 37

How is potassium extracted for a fertiliser? Example of fertiliser it makes?

Answer 37

From salts mined from the ground. Potassium sulfate, potassium chloride

Question 38

Making fertilisers in the lab vs an industrial process 5 differences?

Answer 38

Industry- stainless steel vessels, high pressure, concentrated acid, gaseous ammonia, quick, continuous Lab- glass vessels, atmospheric pressure, dilute acid, solution of ammonia, safe, batch