C15- Using our resources Flashcards
Process used to make ammonia?
Balanced equation?
Key use of ammonia?
The Haber Process
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
For fertilisers
2 reactants in the Haber process and how are they obtained?
Nitrogen (N2) fractionally distilled from the air
Hydrogen (H2) extracted from hydrocarbons in natural gas
How is ammonia extracted after the Haber process?
Once it has been formed it has a lower boiling point so it condenses and is removed
3 conditions for the Haber process
450℃
200 atm
Iron catalyst
What equation is used to produce hydrogen for the Haber process?
Methane + steam –> hydrogen + carbon monoxide
What pressure is ideal for the Haber process?
why is it good and bad? what is used?
High pressure, increases frequency of collisions, is reversible reaction so equilibrium shifts in favour of products. Low pressure reduces cost and energy usage. 200 atm
What temp is ideal for the Haber process?
why is it good and bad? what is used?
High temp means larger proportion of particles exceed the activation energy. Low temp, is reversible reaction so equilibrium shifts to product side. Low temp reduces cost and energy usage. 450℃
Is a catalyst ideal for the Haber process?
why is it good and bad? what is used?
Yes, pathway with lower activation energy and less energy is used for same yield. Iron catalyst
Rusting def?
The corrosion of iron
2 things needed for iron to rust?
The word equation?
Iron + water + oxygen–> hydrated iron (III) oxide
2 factors that increase the rate of rusting?
Salt and high temperatures
Barrier methods to prevent rust?
3 examples?
Keeping air and water away from iron or steel
Oil/grease, plastic, paint
What is electroplating?
Using electrolysis to put a thin layer of metal on an object to prevent rust
What is sacrificial plating?
Coating an object with a more reactive metal e.g zinc, which is more likely to oxidise. Zinc is sacrificed to protect the iron. Iron doesn’t need to be fully covered
What is galvanisation?
Coating iron with zinc, which is more likely to oxidise so it prevents the rusting of iron
Are alloys harder than pure metals?
Yes, because they have different sized atoms that are no arranged in regular layers, making them hard.
2 copper alloys and what are they made of?
Bronze- copper, tin
Brass- copper, zinc
Key feature of aluminium alloys?
-Lightweight as it has a low density
-Made stronger as its an alloy
What are gold alloys usually used for?
What are they measured in?
Jewelry
Carats, 24-carat is almost pure gold
Steel def?
How to make steel with different properties?
An alloy of iron with carbon and/or other elements
Controlling quantities of carbon and other elements with iron
3 important types of steels and their properties?
High carbon steels- hard and brittle
Low carbon steels- softer, easily shaped
Stainless steels- hard, resistant to corrosion
2 factors that affect the properties of a polymer
-Monomers used
-Conditions for the reaction
2 types of poly(ethene) and their structure?
Low density poly(ethene)- random branches, more spread out
High density poly(ethene)- straighter branches, packed closer together
High density poly(ethene)..
Temp formed at?
Forces?
Properties?
Low temp
Strong intermolecular forces
High density, rigid
Low density poly(ethene)..
Temp formed at?
Forces?
Properties?
High temp
Weak intermolecular forces
Low density, flexible
Thermosoftening polymer def?
Reason?
And so it can be…?
A polymer that softens or melts easily when heated
Weak intermolecular forces between individual chains
Remoulded
Thermosetting polymer def?
Reason?
And so it will…?
A polymer that doesn’t melt when heated
Strong covalent bonds that cross-link between chains
Char at high enough temps
What is soda glass made from?
What is borosilicate glass made from?
Key diff between them?
Sand, limestone, sodium carbonate
Sand and boron trioxide
Borosilicate has a higher melting point
2 things clay makes?
How are they made?
Pottery and bricks
Shaping wet clay then heating it in a furnace
Composite def?
Two materials making a product with improved properties
2 components of composites and what they do?
Matrix- binds them together
Reinforcement- the bulk of the material
3 fertilisers made from ammonia and their equation
Ammonia + nitric acid –> ammonium nitrate
Ammonia + phosphoric acid –> ammonium phosphate
Ammonia + sulfuric acid –> ammonium sulfate
How can nitric acid be made?
From ammonia
3 nutrients needed in fertilisers?
Name of fertiliser that contains all three?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
NPK
How is phosphorus extracted for a fertiliser?
3 ways it can be treated and what is produced?
Mined from a rock then treated
Nitric acid–> phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
Sulfuric acid–> calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate
Phosphoric acid–> calcium phosphate
How is nitrogen extracted for a fertiliser?
Example of fertiliser it makes?
Comes from ammonia (made in the Haber process) and reacted with acids
Ammonium nitrate
How is potassium extracted for a fertiliser?
Example of fertiliser it makes?
From salts mined from the ground.
Potassium sulfate, potassium chloride
Making fertilisers in the lab vs an industrial process
5 differences?
Industry- stainless steel vessels, high pressure, concentrated acid, gaseous ammonia, quick, continuous
Lab- glass vessels, atmospheric pressure, dilute acid, solution of ammonia, safe, batch
