C's

Question 1

central beam

Answer 1

X-ray photons in the middle of the x-ray beam.

Question 2

cervical spondylopathy

Answer 2

Refers to deformity of vertebral bodies, narrowing of the vertebral canal, vertebral instability, and/or malarticulation with varying degrees of spinal cord compression in the neck.

Question 3

cholangiography

Answer 3

A radiographic contrast study of the bile ducts.

Question 4

cholecystocholangiography

Answer 4

A radiographic contrast study of the gall bladder and bile ducts.

Question 5

cholelith

Answer 5

A concretion in the gall bladder

Question 6

choledocolith

Answer 6

A concretion in a bile duct

Question 7

chondrodysplasia

Answer 7

Inherited deformities of the bony skeleton caused by abnormal cartilage development. Affected animals are characterized by a normal-sized trunk with abnormally shortened limbs.

Question 8

chondrodystrophic

Answer 8

Refers to an animal exhibiting chondrodysplasia (e.g., Dachshund, Bassett Hound). Term often is used interchangeably with achondrodysplastic

Question 9

chondroma

Answer 9

A benign, slow-growing tumor of cartilage, more often occurring in flat bones (e.g., scapula, pelvis, ribs) and appearing as a well-defined, expansile mass that is less opaque than surrounding bone. A chondroma may contain mineralized components.

Question 10

chylothorax

Answer 10

Accumulation of chyle in the pleural space, often secondary to rupture of the thoracic duct.

Question 11

chylous effusion

Answer 11

Accumulation of chylous fluid in the pleural space, may be associated with heart failure, mediastinal neoplasia, or mediastinitis.

Question 12

cineradiography (cineflurography)

Answer 12

The making of a video record directly from a fluorescent screen (i.e., recording of real-time radiographic imaging.)

Question 13

clock face analogy

Answer 13

Technique used to approximate the locations of cardiac chambers by mentally superimposing the numbers of a clock face over the cardiac silhouette on alateral or ventrodorsal/dorsoventral thoracic radiograph

Question 14

Codman’s triangle

Answer 14

Occurs when aggressive soft tissue opacity material wedges between a mineralized periosteal response and the underlying cortex. The periosteal response may appear solid, well-defined, and homogeneous in this area, giving the erroneous appearance of a benign, inactive lesion (which is not the true nature of the disease process). Codman’s triangle develops at the periphery of a rapidly growing disease process, usually on the diaphyseal side.during exposure to blur the grid lines. Modern grid lines are very thin and only faintly visible; therefore, a Bucky may not be necessary with modern equipment.

Question 15

calcification

Answer 15

The normal or abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues.

Question 16

calcinosis

Answer 16

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in various

tissues.

• calcinosis cutis: Calcium deposits in the skin, often secondary to hypercorticosterism.
• calcinosis circumscripta (tumoral calcinosis): Deposits of

calcium in subcutaneous, tendinous, ligamentous, or muscular

tissues as firm, well-circumscribed, tumorlike nodules; typically occurring on limbs, over bony prominences, and under foot pads.

Question 17

calvarium

Answer 17

The upper, domelike part of the skull, formed by the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones; the encasement for the brain.

Question 18

cancellous bone

Answer 18

The trabeculated, spongy, or porous bone found in ends of long bones, in vertebrae, and in flat bones.

Question 19

canine leukocyte adhesion disorder (CLAD)

Answer 19

Rare inherited condition of abnormal granulocytes resulting in mandibular periosteal response and metaphyseal flaring.

Question 20

carcinomatosis

Answer 20

Widespread distribution of neoplasia throughout a body cavity; commonly used to describe diffuse implantation of tumor nodules within the peritoneal space (e.g., pancreatic carcinoma).

Question 21

cardiac silhouette

Answer 21

Outline of the pericardial sac and its contents as seen on a thoracic radiograph.

Question 22

cartilage joint

Answer 22

Two or more bones united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage (e.g., costochondral junctions, pelvic symphysis).

Question 23

cassette

Answer 23

A light-tight, semirigid container used to house and protect x-ray film and screens or a phosphor-coated imaging plate during exposure and transport to processing

Question 24

cathode

Answer 24

The negative terminal in the x-ray tube. Cathode (filament) emits electrons, which are attracted to the anode (positive terminal). Current flows from cathode to anode. In x-ray tubes, the cathode commonly consists of a helical tungsten filament, behind which is a molybdenum reflector cup used to focus the electron emission toward the anode target.

Question 25

caudal

Answer 25

Toward the tail or hind part of the body. Also used to designate the flexor side of a limb proximal to the carpus and tarsus (Figure 2.22).

Question 26

caudocranial

Answer 26

Refers to the path of the x-ray beam (x-rays enter the caudal aspect of the body part and exit the cranial

aspect).

Question 27

cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

Answer 27

Disproportionate dwarfism caused by abnormal development of the thyroid gland, defective thyroid hormone synthesis, or

iodine deficiency.

Question 28

cut back zone

Answer 28

Refers to the area in a long bone where the wider metaphysis is actively remodeling to become the more-narrow diaphysis. The bony margins in the cut back zone normally appear indistinct and may be mistaken for pathology (e.g., hypertrophic osteodystrophy, osteomyelitis, trauma).

Question 29

cystography

Answer 29

A radiographic contrast study of the urinary bladder. Cystogram. Pneumocystogram.

Question 30

coin lesion

Answer 30

A descriptive term referring to a pulmonary nodule approximately 1 cm in diameter.

Question 31

collimation

Answer 31

Process of restricting the size and shape of the x-ray beam to the area of interest. Collimation helps reduce scatter radiation, which improves image quality and reduces radiation exposure to nearby personnel.

Question 32

collimator

Answer 32

An adjustable device used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam and which is attached near the x-ray tube.

Question 33

comparison radiographs

Answer 33

Images made of the side opposite to the one being investigated or images of a similar subject (e.g., littermate) or known normal subject, used to aid in distinguishing normal from abnormal.

Question 34

compression radiography

Answer 34

Technique used to (1) displace relatively movable structures to improve visualization of more fixed structures (i.e., displacement of overlying intestine to better visualize kidney, urinary bladder, colon, or uterus) or (2) separate the digits during radiography of a foot. A low-density plastic paddle or wooden spoon is used to gently compress the abdomen or foot. Abdominal compression is contraindicated in animals with pain, tense abdomen, or peritoneal effusion. X-ray exposure usually is decreased to accommodate thinner body thickness.

Question 35

computed tomography (CT)

Answer 35

A diagnostic imaging procedure that creates cross-sectional views of a body part using x-rays and computers. The source of x-rays rotates around the patient, transmitting a thin x-ray beam through the body part to detectors on the opposite side. CT images have inherent high contrast and eliminate superimposition of overlying structures. consolidation: Refers to pathology of the lung in which alveolar air has been replaced by organized cellular exudate or by invasion of neoplastic cells.

Question 36

contralateral

Answer 36

Pertaining to the opposite side. contrast media: Compounds or materials used to increase or decrease opacity to create an opacity interface between an examined structure and the adjacent tissues.

Question 37

contrast study

Answer 37

A radiographic procedure using a positive or negative contrast agent to enhance visualization of an organ or structure that is inadequately seen on survey radiographs. A contrast study is only indicated if it will provide information not available on survey radiographs and will assist the clinician in managing the case or in developing a diagnosis without harming the patient.

Question 38

contusion

Answer 38

A local area of hemorrhage or bruising.

Question 39

cortical bone

Answer 39

The dense, homogeneous bone that forms the shaft of long bones and the outer layer of small and cuboidal bones.

Question 40

compensatory emphysema

Answer 40

Refers to overexpansion of one part of a lung in response to consolidation or collapse in another part (also called compensatory hyperinflation).