business management Flashcards
what is COSHH
control of substances hazardous to health act released 2002 it mainly was about risk assessment and containing chemicals ensuring they were locked away and there was sufficient ventilation
eg. all work areas or schools must keep hazardous chemicals in locked cabinets only in certain areas of the room like a weight supporting wall and they must have a list of each chemical and the risk level and assessment for all of those chemicals
how to conduct a risk assessment
1- identify hazard
2 - decide who might be harmed
3 - asses the risk and how to take action
4 - make a recording of findings in a table that has 3 main columns - hazard (danger to the person), risk (probability of danger usually in a number scale) and control measure (how it will be stopped)
5 - review the process to see how effective it would be in case of a hazard occurring
how to reduce risk
- conduct a risk assessment so that if things go wrong there is a document to reduce the effect
- reduce or control exposure to the potential risk
- provide PPE
- regular checks to ensure risk management is still up to date and therefore effective
- inform and train all employees to work with the chemicals
- consider all possibilities leading to exposure
H&S in school and in industry
Industry:
manufacturers must be able to demonstrate safe working practices
- if an accident does occur they must provide evidence of safety protocols to the health and safety executive (HSE)
School:
mainly the same as in industry but also contains age related restriction mostly with machinery
- also by ensuring all machines have guards
- PPE must be worn
- emergency stop buttons
safe working practices
- training
- machine maintenance
- extraction systems
- PPE
- accident reporting system
- risk assessment
what is HSWA
health and safety at work act of 1974
it is the primary piece of legislation controlling H&S in the UK and the key wrds from the document is that the work environment should be “as safe as reasonably practicable”
Kaizen
process by Toyota of extreme lean manufacturing outlining these as the main causes of waste when manufacturing:
- defects
- overproduction
- waiting
- transportation
- over processing
- excessive inventory
- unnecessary motion (eg. cars being made across several plants)
intellectual property
a creative and unique piece of work that takes a PHYSICAL form and can be treated as an asset
- an idea alone cannot be treated as intellectual property
forms of protection for intellectual property
- copyright lifetime and 70 years after death of
protection - design rights 10 years of protection from sale
or 15 years of protection - patents 20 years of protection
- trademarks 10 years of protection
copyright
shown by a C in a circle
can be requested as soon as work is fixed in a tangible form
protects creators and gives them rights to control their material
creators can take legal action if someone try’s to take their idea
books/ sound recordings are immediately protected and layouts of books are protected for 25-70 years
design rights
achieved through registration like copyright
for 3 dimensional products/ physical products but also protects the decoration of those products and 2d patterns like textiles
cant contain logos of other brands
registered rights
shown by a R in a circle
must be registered and last 25 years but only protect the product in the registered country and must be renewed every 5 years
less expensive than other forms of protection
patents
exclusive right given for an invention, product or process that provides a new way of doing something
protects against unauthorised production
creator is the only one who can use, sell or manufacture
online database allow applicants to check the status and check for similar patents or patents available to license
takes 2-3 years for a patent to be licensed and costs money
trademarks
shown by a TM in a circle
distinguish goods and services from those of similar traders and can be words, logos, slogans, symbols, designs and even smells
can take between 6-18 months to issue and needs to be used in the first 5 years of being granted the trademark
anthropometrics
measurement of the human body so that it can influence the designs and shapes to be more comfortable for the user
common data is reach length, height and hand width
grouped frequency data
try to design for the majority of people eg. from the 1st to 99th percentile as products are most profitable inside the percentiles and outliers have to have custom products made
ergonomics
the study of the interaction between the human body, products and the environment
quantitative vs qualitative data gathering
quantitative is using set data that has a definitive answer eg. hand size
while qualitative data uses people opinions eg. asking whether a product is comfortable to use
user centred design
keep the client involved throughout the whole design, manufacture and review process and constantly ask for feedback to make sure they like the product and make sure it fits the idea they had
this ensures there is a need for the product and means that there is an increased chance for more sales
