British Industrialization

Question 1

LANDOWNING ARISTOCRATS

Answer 1

benefitted very little from the revolution, but still dominated the Parliament and owned more than half of the land in Britain

overall: declined as a result of the revolution; urban wealth became more important&raquo_space; landowning aristocrats stopped controlling wealth and businessmen were more in charge of politics

Question 2

THE MIDDLE CLASSES

Answer 2

UPPER MIDDLE CLASS: benefitted the most from the revolution - many businessmen and merchants waiting to be assimilated into aristocratic life

MID-MIDDLE CLASS (professionals): smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, etc; politically liberal and favored a constitutional government, free trade, and social reform&raquo_space; Reform Bill of 1832 (increased suffrage, ability to vote in politics, for MEN ONLY); women were homemakers, wives, mothers (moral center of family life) also had the “ideology of domesticity”

LOWER MIDDLE CLASS: clerks, salespeople, hotel staff, about 20% of the population; opportunities for women and men; jobs were pursued to distinguish themselves from the manual labor of the working class

Question 3

THE LABORING CLASSES

Answer 3

made up about 70% of the population and suffered the most; lives shaped by rapid urbanization&raquo_space; cities crowded, filled with pollution and insufficient sanitization

long hours, low wages, child labor; men in supervisory and more skilled positions, girls and unmarried women were favored because they accepted lower wages and were more docile (prone to accept instruction)

Question 4

SOCIAL PROTEST CONTEXT

Answer 4

the Laboring Class had to make life habitable by themselves; artisans created “friendly societies” that had insurance and provided hope for an opportunity for a social life

Question 5

UNIONS AND STRIKES

Answer 5

people participated in trade unions and strikes for better wages, but most failed because of violent threats from the upper classes; some directed at gaining suffrage for working-class men which succeeded in the second half of the 1800s

Question 6

SOCIALIST SOCIETIES

Answer 6

Robert Owen created socialist societies where families and workers would be well treated

ex. New Lanark (mill village based on textile production)

Question 7

SOCIALISM

Answer 7

Karl Marx (German) had a utopian vision of a classless society, as he saw that capitalism was unstable and would eventually result in a revolution that would create a classless society

Question 8

Proletariat revolutions

Answer 8

socialist movements of workers and intellectuals who established parties and contested their right to vote, reforms, and sometimes plotted revolution

> > > Labour Party was formed in 1890 and encouraged peaceful democratic revolutions

Question 9

MOVEMENTS DIE DOWN

Answer 9

the movements started to die down when working-class conditions improved in the 2nd half of the 1800s; the middle class started to rise (Marx did not expect this); wages rose and cheap imported food improved working-class diets

Question 10

OUTCOMES

Answer 10

1. Male workers got the right to vote
2. abolished child labor
3. regulating factory conditions
4. sanitation reforms

> > > nationalism ended working-class radicalism (WWI); Labour Party became a major force in the House of Commons; Great Britain was passed up by Germany and the USA as they had newer and more modern equipment

Question 11

MOTIVE

Answer 11

rapidly growing population and urbanization led to a demand for food and products

Question 12

SOURCE OF CAPITAL AND FUNDING

Answer 12

the start of enterprises; government allowed foreign trade which expanded the economy and industries

Question 13

SOURCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Answer 13

huge amount of iron and coal through railroads and waterways (mainly found in mines and mountains)

Question 14

LABOR SOURCE

Answer 14

laboring classes: women and children working; men in supervisory positions

Question 15

INITIAL OUTPUTS/PRODUCTS

Answer 15

textiles, railroads