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Oral prep flash cards > Bridge Nav Equipment > Flashcards

Bridge Nav Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

Navigational equipment Required for a vessel 2999GT?

A

Magnetic Compass
Gyro Compass
Means of taking a bearing
Echo sounder
GPS
LOG
Rudder angle indicator
Radar, both 3 and 9 (what?)
ECDIS
AIS
Signaling lamp
Met Instruments
Search light
EPIRB
SART
BNWAS
LRIT

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2
Q

What does ‘Meet Her’ to the Helmsman mean

A

Check the Vessels head from swinging in a turn

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3
Q

SOLAS, when adopted and put into Force?

How many chapters?

A

Latest version adopted 1974, into force 1980
1st version in 1914

Currently 14 chapters

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4
Q

Aim of SOLAS

A

The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety. Flag States are responsible for ensuring that ships under their flag comply with its requirements

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5
Q

What is SOLAS chapter V?

A

Safety of navigation

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6
Q

SOLAS Chapter V Regulation 19?

A

REGULATION 19 - Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational
systems and equipment

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7
Q

How would you physically/visually check your compass before departure?

A

Free Movement of the Gimbal
Card floating freely, level and no friction
Liquid free of bubbles and clear
Compass card clear and easy to read, no distortion
Optical system (if fitted, eg Mirrors) clean and correctly adjusted
No liquid leaks
No tools or electronic/magnetic equipment nearby

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8
Q

When should the compass be adjusted? (Swung)

A

When 1st installed
Every 2 years since the last alteration if a record of deviations has not been maintained, or if the deviation becomes excessive
When it becomes unreliable
Ship undergoes structural repairs or alterations
Electrical equipment near the compass is added, removed or altered
collision
visable defects in the compass
Major change of latitude

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9
Q

How are permanent and induced deviation corrected

A

Induced - By Kelvins Balls and Flinders Bar (Soft Iron)

Permanent - by for/Aft and Athwartships corrector magnets
And heeling corrector magnet tube (vertical)

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10
Q

Which equipment gets an input from the Gyro

A

Autopilot
Ecdis
Radar
Sat-C
Vsat

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11
Q

Main advantages of the Gyro over the magnetic

A

Find True north by the earths rotation, which is more useful than magnetic north
They are not affected by metal or other sources of magnetic deviation

Hence Gyro bearings can be plotted directly onto the chart

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12
Q

Types of Gyro Error?

A

Latitude error,
SOG Error
Gyro drift

Citation needed

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13
Q

Ways of visually taking a bearing

A

Hand bearing compass
Azimuth circle - Sits on top of a fixed compass
Azimuth Mirror - also sits on top, does celestial objects too
Pelorus Compass - Not a real compass, rotate the card to line it up with ships head, can then take bearings from it. Can be set up to give true or relative bearings. Portable

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14
Q

What does Azimuth mean

A

Fred ‘bearing of’

The horizontal angle measured from North

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15
Q

How to use a Azimuth Mirror

A

Sits on top of a compass, for terrestrial or Celestial objects

Turn the Prism down to look at terrestrial objects on the surface
Look accross the top like a regular compass

Or

Turn the Prism up, to see the reflection of Celestial objects in the sky
See the reflected object and the bearing at the same time

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16
Q

How to check the Gyro Compass in sight of land

A

Find a Transit between 2 fixed points, eg edges of 2 islands
Take the bearing, using the Azimuth Mirror/Circle, and compare to the True bearing on the chart.
The difference, if any, is the Gyro error, eg 2­ºL. on any bearing

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17
Q

How to check the Magnetic Compass in sight of Land

A

Steer a constant heading, make note of the heading
find a transit, and take a bearing using the Pelorus
The bearing will be a C, The charted bearing will be T
Account for Variation, the remaining difference will be Deviation
Compare to deviation card to check if deviation has changed for that HEADING

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18
Q

How to use one bearing to check a compass

A

From a fixed position
Either alongside the dock, or from a HSA (the most accurate fix)
Compare the bearing to the true one to find error

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19
Q

when are bearings of the sun at sunrise/set taken

A

When the Sun is half a diameter above the horizon

Citation needed

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20
Q

What is an Amplitude?

A

A true Azimuth (Bearing) of the sun ar Rising or Setting

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21
Q

What is Declination, where do we get it from

A

The angle North or South of the Sun for that day. 0º at equinox, 23º at Solstice

Same all over the world, Found in the Daily pages of the Nautical Almanac

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22
Q

How to check the Gyro out at sea?

A

With an amplitude of the Sun/ True azimuth of the Sun at Rising or Setting

Lookup DECLINATION for that time of day in the Nautical almanac
Note our LATITUDE
Use Norries tables to get the True bearing for that latitude and declination
Convert True bearing for N/S declination, E/W rising setting (0+, 180- etc)
Compare to check for compass error

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23
Q

MGN 610 is?

What does it say about compass checking?

A

Guidance on the Merchant Shipping (Safety of Navigation) regulations 2020
Which implements SOLAS V safety of navigation

-A compass should be checked at least one per watch
And after every major course alteration

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24
Q

Different methods of checking a compass

A

Transit
Amplitude
True Azimuth of a heavanly body
with a single bearing from a fixed position

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25
Q

How to do a True Azimuth of a heavenly body

A

Use Azimuth mirror, take a bearing, easiest is the Sun. On the Hour
Use the Nautical Almanac, get the GHA and Declination for that hour
Adjust for longditude, to get LHA
Use the sight reduction tables with LHA, latitude, declination
To get the Zenith or true Azimuth
Compare to your compass for error

26
Q

What is the GHA and LHA

A

Greenwich Hour Angle
The bearing from London to any heavenly body

Local Hour Angle
The angle from our position E/W of Greenwich, to any heavenly body
LHA = GHA +/- our Longditude
West - , East +

27
Q

What makes Solas part of uk Law
Where do we get guidance on it

A

The merchant shipping Regulations (Safety of Navigation) 2020
MGN 610

28
Q

What HDOP value is considered poor

A

5 or larger

29
Q

Common errors for a GNSS system

A

Solar Activity
Jamming/Spoofing
Tropospheric error - difference in humidity, pressure, temperature in the lowest level of earths atmosphere interfering with the signal
Satellite Orbit error
Satellite Clock error
Multipath Error

30
Q

How to monitor the accuracy of your gps underway?

A

Monitoring the integrity of the GPS is crucial to ensure thereliabiltty of navigation and positioning data. I would achieve this by;
1. Verify the number of satellites in view, minimum 4, but ideally 6 for a more accurate fix
2. Check DOP value, The lower the value the better, more than 5 is poor/unreliable
3. Cross reference with other navigation methods
4. Observe for sudden drops in accuracy changes
5. Use a GPS with WAAS/EGNOS support
6. Keep the GPS updated to latest software
7. Understand GPS limitations, accuracy can be affected by factors such as atmospheric conditions. Do not soly rely on GPS

31
Q

How can GPS corrections be transmitted to the users device

A

GBAS Ground Based Augmentation System.
Transmitted on MF, limited range to the local area
Full list of stations transmitting listed in ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals Volume 2

SBAS Space Based Augmentation System.
Transmitted by Geosationary satellites over a region or country
Such as the US WAAS, or European EGNOS system
(Wide Area Augmentation System)
(European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service)

32
Q

Where could You find details of the performance standards of GPS?

What are some of them

A

Resolution MSC.74 1998
Performance Standards for shipborne combined GPS/Glonass reciever equipment

Includes:

Position accuracy should be less than 35m, or less than 10m in Differential mode with a HDOP value of less than 4

Is capable of acquiring the required accuracy within 5 minutes, when there is valid Almanac data ??

Be capabale of re-acquiring the desired accuracy in 2 minutes afer a 60 second power outage

Output a new position solution at least every second

Give a warning if HDOP value is greater than a set value

33
Q

What is a sound reception system?

A

Vessels with a totally enclosed bridge, should be fitted with one

designed to ‘hear’ fog signals and display them and their direction digitally to the OOW

34
Q

What is a signaling lamp used for? what is the difference between it and a manouevering lamp

A

flashing morse code messages, directional

manouevering lamp is all round white light, with a range of 5 miles. R34

35
Q

How often should the Echo sounder be checked

A

Tested against the leadline;

Anually
On completion of a refit
When any part of the equipment is changed
When there is any doubt about the accuracy

36
Q

Errors on the echo sounder can be caused by:

A

iNCORRECT SETUP - depth/offset of transducer not input correctly

soft bottom, mud can give poor return
Fish
water layers of differenct temperature/salinity
Seaweed/ silt
Side echoes in narrow channels
multiple echoes,

37
Q

What is the speed of sound in water?
and light?

A

Sound 1500m/s

Light 300,000 km/s (300 million m/s)

38
Q

What you do if the echo sounder and the Ecdis dont agree?

A

Stop the vessel
Call the master
Confirm the position by other means
APEM to safety

39
Q

Types of Water Log

A

Impeller log - paddle wheel
Pitot-static Tube
Electromagnetic - Current through coil, detects water moving past
Doppler - Can give SOG and STW, important for radar stabilisation

40
Q

IMO RESOLUTION A.526(13) sets what?
Performance standards for Rate of Turn Indicators
3 key points?

A

Performance standards for Rate of Turn Indicators
* The ROTI should be ready for operation and within 4 minutes of being switched on.
* The design should be such that the breakdown of the ROTI will not degrade the
performance of any other equipment to which it is connected.
* The ROTI should include a means of enabling the operator to verify that it is
operating

41
Q

VDR?, records what

A

Audio on the bridge
Inputs from all sensors
Subject to an annual inspection
black box, helps identify the cause of any accident

42
Q

MGN 610?

A

MGN 610 Provides clarification and guidance on the UK law; Merchant Shipping Regulations 2020 (Safety of Navigation)
The law itself is based on SOLAS Chapter V

43
Q

Where are both Gyro and magnetic compasses unreliable?

A

At the poles, or very high latitudes

44
Q

What is on the Deviation Card

A

Date and location of Swinging
Name, CoC and Signature of adjuster
Name and signature of Master
Location of corrector magnets; transverse, longitudinal,
residual coefficients
Residual deviation
Heeling Magnet
Flinders bar

45
Q

What is retention Error?

A

In a magnetic compass
If the Ship is on the same heading for several days, or sat in port for a long time.
The Ship will retain some of the induced magnetism for a period of time
This can cause some error, a short shakedown, with the ship on other headings should remove this

46
Q

How often do you check the compass underway?

A

After every major course alteration
and at least once per watch if there have been no alterations

47
Q

What is a TMC or THI

A

Transmitting Magnetic Compass and Transmitting Heading Indicator
Both use magnetic sensors to determine the ships heading and transmit this info via AIS

48
Q

Which properties are the basis for a gyroscopes behaviour

A

Gyroscopic Inertia-causes it to maintain its position in space regardless of how the base is moved
Presession- if you attempt to tilt the gyro, it will instead move perpendicularly to the applied force

49
Q

How to Service a gyro compass

A

Follow manufacturers guidelines. Sperry Marine for example recommends regular maintenance every 18 months, and exchanging the centering pin evry 5 years by authorised personnel

50
Q

How to perform routine operational checks on a Gyro

A

Regular visual checks for damage, loose cables etc
calibrated to True North regularly, and after alteration, change in location
Regular checks for errors should be made and recorded. Corrected via calibration or adjustment
Clean and lubricated
Power supply is reliable and UPS is available

51
Q

What is AIS
What is its Range?

A

Automatic Identification System
AIS is a maritime mobile VHF broadcast system that sends dynamic, Voyage and static ship information, such as MMSI, call sign, position, course and speed, to other AIS transponders and base stations
VHF range, 20-30 Miles , potentially can see around bends

52
Q

Who is required to have AIS

A

Vessels required to have AIS
All vessels over 300GT on international voyages
All cargo vessels over 500GT not on international voyages
All passenger vessels

53
Q

What are the 3 types of info transmitted by AIS

A

Static - Does not change, ships name, mmsi (Maritime Mobile Service Identity)
location of AIS antenna
Voyage - Port of origin/destination, status eg Anchored etc
Dynamic - Heading, SOG, COG, Position, Speed, RoT

54
Q

Difference between class A and B AIS

A

A meets the requirements of Solas, B does not. So B may only be used on ships which are not required to carry AIS

55
Q

When should AIS be on?

A

Should always be in operation when ships are underway or at Anchor
If the Master believes the vessels security is at risk, it may be switched off,
But this should be reported to the VTS if in one, and noted in the Logbook

56
Q

How often should the Static data be checked?
Which dynamic data should be periodically checked?

A

Once per month or once per voyage, whichever is shorter

Positions given according to WGS 84
SOG
Sensor information

57
Q

Limitations/ Hazards of AIS

A

1 Collision avoidance should be carried out in provision with the COLREGS, the colregs make no mention of AIS, only visual/radar
2 AIS relies on SOG/ ground stabilised, Colision avoidance is based on STW/aspect
3 Not all ships/valid targets are fitted with AIS
4 AIS is reliant on GPS, brings its own inaccuracies/ errors
5 Faulty inputs will lead to faulty outputs. The AIS will not detect this
6 Can be switched off

58
Q

Types of ATON, differences between

A

Physical - real Bouy, with AIS mounted on it
Diamond shape on chart - Purple Circle on ECDIS
Synthetic - Real Bouy, overlayed AIS target from shore

Virtual - Nothing there, overlayed AIS target from shore
Open/hashed Diamond shape on chart

59
Q

What is LRIT
When introduced
Applies to Who
How does it work

A

Long Range Identification and Tracking

Starting from 2009, Under SOLAS applies to;
All passenger ships
Cargo ships over 300GT

Transmits every 6 hours, via satelite
Contracting governments can track any ship within 1000NM of its coast
Ports, notified of vessels en route, can track such vessel
Connected to UPS

60
Q

What is BNWAS?

A

Bridge Navigational Watch Alarm System

To check that the watchkeeper has not fallen asleep

3-12 Minute countdown, 15 secs visual, 15 secs audible alarm, if not reset, alerts master, then crew after 90 secs

3 modes, auto (on when autopilot is on) , Manual on, Manual Off

61
Q

Which MGN gives info on LRIT

A

MGN 634

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