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Biology > Breathing > Flashcards

Breathing Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens to the diaphragm muscle when you exhale?

A

it relaxes, moves up and becomes dome shaped.

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2
Q

what happens to the diaphragm muscle when you inhale?

A

it contracts, moves down and flattens

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3
Q

what is ventilation?

A

the process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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4
Q

how do you test for carbon dioxide, using limewater?

A
  1. breathe through a straw into limewater.

2. if it goes cloudy carbon dioxide is present

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5
Q

how do you test for carbon dioxide, using bicarbonate indicator?

A
  1. crush germinating peas and put them in a test tube - this causes the peas to release the CO2 in their cells.
  2. then set up the experiment - 2 test tubes with a tube connecting them, on with the peas and one with the bicarbonate indicator.
  3. if the bicarbonate indicator changes from red to yellow. CO2 is present.
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6
Q

how do you measure heat energy produced by respiration?

A

put germinating peas in a conical flask and secure a thermometer in there with cotton wool - make sure no air can escape. Then read the thermometer at regular intervals.

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7
Q

what is the percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled air?

A

0.04%

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8
Q

what is the percentage of carbon dioxide in exhaled air?

A

4%

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9
Q

what is the percentage of oxygen in inhaled air?

A

21%

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10
Q

what is the percentage of oxygen in exhaled air?

A

16%

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11
Q

what is underneath the lungs?

A

a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm

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12
Q

what are the lungs protected by?

A

the ribcage

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13
Q

where are the lungs located?

A

inside the thorax (chest)

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14
Q

what does breathing do?

A
  1. gets air in and out of the lungs
  2. gets oxygen from the air into the blood
  3. gets carbon dioxide from the blood into the air
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15
Q

what is the percentage of water vapour in inhaled air?

A

variable

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16
Q

what is the percentage of water vapour in exhaled air?

A

always high

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17
Q

what is the percentage of nitrogen in inhaled air?

A

78%

18
Q

what is the percentage of nitrogen in exhaled air?

A

78%

19
Q

how do ciliated cells keep lungs clean?

A

they have tiny cells that wave and move the mucus upwards and out of the lungs.

20
Q

how do goblet cells keep the lungs clean?

A

they make mucus which traps dust and bacteria

21
Q

what takes place in the alveoli?

A

gas exchange

22
Q

what things are in the structure of the thorax?

A 
trachea
ribs 
intercostal muscle 
bronchiole
bronchus 
diaphragm 
pleural membrane
alveoli 
lungs 
pleural cavity
23
Q

what happens to the ribs when you inhale?

A

they move upwards and outwards.

24
Q

why are alveoli folded?

A

it gives a large surface area

25
Q

why are the walls of the alveoli only one cell thick?

A

there is a short distance so diffusion is fast

26
Q

why is the lining of the alveolus moist?

A

gases can dissolve which speeds up diffusion?

27
Q

what is each alveolus surrounded by and why?

A

blood capillaries to transport oxygen

28
Q

how many alveoli are there in each lung?

A

millions - there is a large surface area for gas exchange

29
Q

what happens to the intercostal muscles when you inhale?

A

they contract

30
Q

what happens to the pressure in the lungs when you inhale?

A

it decreases

31
Q

what happens to the intercostal muscles when you inhale?

A

they relax

32
Q

what is emphysema?

A

the alveoli gets a thicker wall which means diffusion takes longer - it also reduces surface area.

33
Q

what happens during gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

CO2 diffuses out and O2 diffuses in

34
Q

what does COPD do?

A

narrows the airways and destroys lung tissue

35
Q

what happens to the ribs when you exhale?

A

they move downwards and inwards

36
Q

what does smoking do to the alveoli?

A

damages the walls

37
Q

what happens to the pressure in the lungs when you exhale?

A

it increases

38
Q

what happens to the volume of the thorax when you exhale?

A

it decreases

39
Q

what happens to the volume of the thorax when you inhale?

A

it increases

40
Q

how is smoking cough caused?

A

harmful chemicals damage the cilia which leads to a build up of mucus which causes smoking cough

Biology (20 decks)

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