Breast: Breast Carcinoma Flashcards
what are some risk factors of breast cancer?
- female.
- Increasing age.
- A personal history.
- A family history.
- BRCA1 and BRCA2.
- Obesity.
- Period at a younger age.
- beginning menopause at older age.
- having first child at older age.
- never being pregnant.
- post menopausal hormone therapy.
- alcohol.
what are some clinical features of breast cancer?
- lump (with or without pain)
- thickening of breast tissue
- change in size or shape
- dimpling
- inverted nipple
- peeling, scaling crusting or flaking around the areola
- redness or pitting over breast
what are some differential diagnoses of breast cancer?
Infection of the breast (inflammatory breast cancer).
Fibroadenoma.
Fibrocystic disease.
Ductal papilloma.
which type of breast cancer may look like a bruise?
angiosarcoma
which type of breast cancer is considered the earliest form of breast cancer?
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
- non-invasive
which breast cancer presents with a characteristic enlarged red, swollen and tender breast?
Inflammatory breast cancer
what causes the characteristic enlarged red, tender breast in Inflammatory breast cancer?
Inflammatory breast cancer occurs when cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in skin covering the breast,
which type of breast cancer typically starts on the nipple and extends to the areola?
Paget’s disease of the breast
What investigations would you conduct to diagnose a suspected breast cancer?
- mammogram
- consider ultrasound or fine needle biopsy
what is the name of the index used to determine survival rate of breast cancer?
Nottingham prognostic index is used to determine survival rate
what is the treatment of early/localised breast cancer?
breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy with/without radiotherapy to reduce recurrence rates
what is the treatment of invasive breast cancer?
radiotherapy is recommended after breast-conserving surgery with clear margins
what is the treatment of advanced breast cancer?
chemotherapy with adjacent endocrine therapy (tamoxifen)
what is extended endocrine therapy?
Continuing to take tamoxifen for 5years
what is a prophylactic mastectomy?
Prophylactic mastectomy is surgery to remove one or both breasts to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
