Abdominal: Colorectal Carcinoma (brief) Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cancer is the majority of colorectal carcinomas?

A

adenocarcinomas

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2
Q

what are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?

A
  • increasing age
  • african-american race
  • IBD
  • personal history of colon cancer of polyps
  • family history
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • diabetes
  • obesity
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3
Q

which inherited syndromes increase the risk of colon cancer?

A
  • Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) - APC gene.

- Lynch syndrome, which is also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).

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4
Q

What are the clinical features of colorectal cancer?

A
  • diarrhoea
  • constipation
  • rectal bleeding
  • loss of weight
  • abdo pain
  • anaemia (particularly iron deficiency anaemia)
  • abdominal or rectal mass
  • occult in blood faeces
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5
Q

which conditions present in a similar way to colorectal cancer?

A

Other types of lower GI cancers/other cancers that have metasised to the large bowel.

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6
Q

what diagnostic test would you do to confirm a diagnosis of olorectal cancer?

A
  • colonoscopy with biopsy.

- CT colonography is increasingly used for those unfit for colonoscopy, but does not include biopsy.

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7
Q

which antigen can be measured to monitor the progression of colorectal cancer?

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

NB: should not be used for diagnosis.

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8
Q

what is the treatment options for early colorectal cancer?

A
  • polypectomy
  • endoscopic mucosal resection
  • laparoscopic surgery to remove polyps if cannot be done via polypectomy
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9
Q

what is a polypectomy?

A

Removing polyps during a colonoscopy

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10
Q

what is the treatment options for advanced colorectal cancer?

A
  • partial colectomy
  • ostomy (stoma bag, cannot reconnect healthy bowel)
  • lymph node removal
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11
Q

what two types of bowel cancer screening does the `NHS offer?

A
  • All men and women aged 60 to 74 are invited to carry out a faecal occult blood (FOB) test. (poo in the post)
  • An additional one-off test called bowel scope screening.
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12
Q

how can an individual manage their lifestyle in attempt to prevent colorectal cancer?

A
  • Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
  • Drink alcohol in moderation.
  • Stop smoking.
  • Exercise and maintain a healthy weight.
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