Brain and Cranial nerves Flashcards
exam 2
giri, sulci, fissures
giri: the folds in brain matter
sulci: depressions btwn the folds
fissures: deep grooves
brainstem
connects spinal cord to cerebrum, subdivided into medulla, pons, midbrain
pyramids of medulla
pyramids: prominent enlargements on anterior surface, descending nerve tracts involved in conscious muscle control, fibers decussate to cause control on opposite side of the body
medulla
most inferior part of brain stem, contains respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers, pyramids and olives
olives of medulla
rounded oval protrusions on anterior surface, help with proprioception, balance, sound modulation
nuclei
grey matter cell bodies clustered together
pons
contains nuclei, including the pontine ( a collection of nuclei) which relays btwn cerebrum and cerebellum to coordinate voluntary movement, sleep center initiates rem, respiratory center coordinates with medulla
midbrain
contains tracts that connect to lower parts of brain stem and spinal cord with higher parts of brain, contains corpora quadrigemina
corpora quadrigemina
bulging area of midbrain consisting of 4 areas of gray matter- each separate part Called a colliculus
superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina of midbrain
receive incoming sensory input from visual, auditory, and tactile, involved in reflex movement of heads eyes, body
what is the separation of midbrain corpora quadrigemina colliculi
2 superior colliculi, 2 inferior colliculi
inferior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina of midbrain
nerves in inner ear synapse and send auditory info to higher brain centers
cerebellum
controls balance and posture, coordinates voluntary movements, works with frontal lobe in planning, practicing, learning complex movement.
how does the cerebellum communicate with other areas of the CNS
through 3 tracts called peduncles: superior, middle, and inferior
diencephalon
internal structure between brainstem ad cerebrum, contains thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
what do the superior, middle, and inferior peduncles of the cerebellum each do?
superior: connects cerebellum to midbrain
middle: connects cerebellum to pons
inferior: connects cerebellum to medulla oblongata
thalamus
relay station for sensory info headed to brain, all sensory info except smell is sent here from spinal cord synapses, controls motor function, mood, emotional regulation
3 areas of the thalamus
- medial geniculate nucleus: auditory info
- lateral geniculate nucleus: visual info
- ventral geniculate nucleus: most other sensory info
hypothalamus
controls the autonomic NS, controls autonomic function, endocrine system, muscles, food/water intake, emotions, sleep/wake
mammillary bodies
bulges on the ventral surface of the hypothalamus, contain olfactory reflexes and emotional response to odors
infundibulum
stalk like structure on hypothalamus connected to pituitary gland, controls endocrine system
cerebrum
composed of right and left hemispheres, each of which has the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insular lobes
main sulci/fisssures of the cerebrum
- longitudinal fissure: separates the 2 hemispheres
- lateral fissure: separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes
- central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobes
gray matter of the cerebrum
made of the cortex: outer surface and nuclei: clusters deep within brain
white matter of the cerebrum
medulla: between the cortex and nuclei, contains tracts that connect cerebral cortex areas to each other and other parts of CNS
central sulcus
between pre central gyrus (primary motor cortex) and postcentral gyrus (primary somatic sensory cortex)
frontal lobe
voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, smell, mood, personality, decision making
parietal lobe
reception and evaluation of sensory info except smell, hearing, and vision
occipital lobe
reception and integration of visual input
temporal lobe
reception and evaluation for smell and hearing, memory, abstract thought, judgment, contains insula
arachnoid mater
middle brain membrane
dura mater
outermost brain membrane, strongest, dense irreg tissue
pia mater
innermost brain membrane, bound tightly to brain, loose CT
subdural space
under dura mater, contains serous fluid
subarachnoid space
under arachnoid mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid
epidural space
between bone and dura mater
lateral ventricles
within cerebral hemispheres, one in each
third ventricle
within the diencephalon
interventricular foramina
joins th lateral ventricles with third
fourth ventricle
connected to 3rd ventricle via cerebral aqueduct,, continuous with the central canal of spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
liquid within spinal space, forms a protective cushion around CNS, protects from rapid head movement
choroid plexuses
produce cerebrospinal fluid
olfactory nerve
I, sensory- smell
optic nerve
II, sensory- vision
oculomotor nerve
III, motor- eye muscles, pupil size, parasympathetic
trochlear nerve
IV, motor- muscles of eye movement
trigeminal nerve
V, sensory- scalp, forehead nose, cheeks, eyelids, teeth, gums. Motor- mastication, throat
vestibulocochlear
VIII, sensory- hearing/balance
abducens nerve
VI, motor- muscles of eye movement
facial nerve
VII, sensory- taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor- muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic- salivary glands
glossopharyngeal nerve
IX, sensory- taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid arteries
motor- pharyngeal muscles
parasympathetic- salivary
Vagus nerve
X, sensory- pharynx, larynx, abdominal organs, heart and lungs
motor- pharynx and voice
parasympathetic- thoracic/abdominal viscera
accessory
XI, motor- trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
hypoglossal
XII, motor to tongue muscles
mnemonic for order of nerves
On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny. Very Good Vehicle Any How
nerve function mnemonic
Some Say Marry (p) Money But My Aunt Says Academics Always Matter More
s= sensory
M=motor
A=all
B= both sensory and motor
marry (p)= motor and parasympathetic
