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Anatomy 3 Final General > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pars of the Brain?

A

A. Hindbrain:
1. RHOMBENCEPHALON (4th ventricle)
= Myelencephalon (MO) and
= Metencephalon (Pons+Cerebellum)

B. Midbrain
2. MESENCEPHALON

C. Forebrain
3. PROENCEPHALON
= DIENCEPHALON (3rd ventricle) and
= TELENCEPHALON

Other divisions:
CEREBRUM
CEREBELLUM
BRAIN STEM
= Medulla oblungata + bulb
\+ Pons
\+ Midbrain
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2
Q

Function of the BRAIN

A

Controll of organs

Regulation,
Co-ordination and
Integration of rest of nervous system

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3
Q

The position of the Brain?

A

Enclosed in the Cranial cavity
- rostral cavity (larger) -> CEREBRUM
tentorium Cerebelli

  • Caudal cavity (smaller) -> CEREBELLUM
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4
Q

MENINGES of the BRAIN

A 
Meninges = Soft tissue membranes enclosing CNS
It has 3 layers(superf-deep)
1. DURA MATER (thick and fibrous)
- Dura Mater ENCEPHALI
- Dura Mater SPINALIS
  1. ARACHINOIDEA
    - Cavum SUBARACHINOIDEA
    - CISTERNA
  2. PIA MATER
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5
Q

MENINGES of the BRAIN

DURA MATER

A

Thick and fibrous
Devided into:

  1. Dura Mater SPINALIS !!
    - lining ENDORACHIS = vertebral canal from CAVUM EPIDURALIS
    - Encloses Spinal roots
    - At caudal end:
    Blind ending sac
    Fusion with other Meninges layers
    FILUM TERMINALE DURA MATIS
    BLOODSUPPLY: SPINAL ARTERIES
  2. Dura Mater ENCEPHALI !!
    - fused with inner PERIOSTEUM of skull
    It has 3 portions:

I: FALX CEREBRI from:
CRISTA Galli ->
INT. OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANTIA

II: TRANSVERSE TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
Btw CEREBRUM and CEREBELLUM

III: DIAPHRAGMA SELLAE
Separates HYPOTHALAMUS from Brain, in FOSSA HYPOPHYSEALIS

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6
Q

MENINGES of the BRAIN

ARACHINOIDEA

A

ARACHINOIDEA with CAVUM SUBARACHINOIDEA!
= Nerwork of TRaBECULaE + FILAMENT + CEReBRAL FLUID

CISTERNA:

  1. CEREBROMEDULLARIS
  2. VALLECULAE LATERALIS CEREBRI
  3. CHiASMATIS
  4. INTER PEDUNCULARIS
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7
Q

MENINGES of the BRAIN

PIA MATER

A

ENCEPHALI and SpINALIS

  • Direct contact with GLIAL LIMITING membrane of Neural Tissue!
  • Richly innervated by BS ++
  • Bilaterally thickened Along lateral surface of Spinal chord = DENTICULATE LIG.
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8
Q

STRUCTURES of Medulla Spinalis

A

From inside out:

1. GREY MATTER = 
Neural bodies + 
Glial cells + Neuron processes 
A. CANALIS CENTRALIS
B. CORNU
- Ventralis (EFFERENT MOTOR)
- Lateralis
- Dorsalis (AFFERENT SENSORY)
  1. WHiTE MATTER
    = Myelinated axons + descending nerve fibers
    A. FUNiCULUS
    - Ventralis
    - Lateralis
    - Dorsalis
    ( FUNICULUS CUNEATUS and FUNICULUS GRACILIS)
  2. SULCUS
    - Medianus dorsalis
    - Intermedius Dorsalis
    - Lateralis Dorsalis
  3. FISSURA Medianus Ventralis
  4. SEPTUM Medianus
  5. Radix Dorsalis
  6. Radix Ventralis
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9
Q

The reflex arch?

A

SENSORY:
AFFERENT from the muscle through FOR. iNTERVERTEBRAle to the Ggl SPINALiS to the Dorsal CORNU!

AFF MUSCLE - Ggl SPINALiS - Cornu dorsalis

MOTOR Cornu Ventralis - For. iNTeRVERtEBrAle - Muscle

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10
Q

SPINAL SEGMENT and formation of SPINAL NERVES

A 
Spinal segment: 
Has 4 parts:
1. Pars Cervicalis 
- Cervical Spinal Nerves
- INTERMENSCENTIA CERVICALIS
- Plexus Brachialis
  1. Pars Thoracica
    - Thoracic Spinal Nerves
  2. Pars Lumbalis et Sacralis
    - INTERMENSCENTIA LUMBALIS
    - PLEXUS Lumbalis et Sacralis
  3. Pars Coccygea
    - conus terminalis
    - Cauda EQUINA
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11
Q

Spinal segment
PARS CERViCALis
D: Dorsalis
V: ventralis

A

DORSAL
N. suboccipitalis (C1)
N.Occipitalis Major (C2)
R. dorsalis (C3-C5)
R.dorsalis rami medialis er lateralis (C6-C8)
R. dorsalis rami medialis et lateralis (Th1-2)

VENTRAL
N. Auricularis Magnus (C2)
N. transversus colli (C2)

C1+C2: ANSA CERVICALIS = connection
Head and NECK!

Nn. SUPRAClAVICULARIS —> N. PHRENICUS
// Respi —> NECK!
TH1-2: PLEXUS BRACHiALIS 
With:
RADIX 
Plexus
NN. spinalis
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12
Q

Formation of the N.Spinalis

A

RADIX dorsalis with Ggl spinalis
RADIX Ventralis
- Through For. intervertebrale
=> N. Spinalis

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13
Q

Nn CERVICALIS

A

RADIX Dorsalis
RADIX Ventralis

Branches:

  • n. Medialis
  • N. Cutaleus medialis
  • N. Lateralis
  • N. Dorsalis -> Apiaxial muscles of trunk
  • N. Ventralis -> Hypaxial muscles of trunk + FL + HL + Skin
  • N. Cutaneus lateralis
  • N. Cutaneus Ventralis
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14
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON

In general

A
  1. MYENCEPHALON = Medulla oblubgata (CAUDAL part)
  2. METENCEPHALON =
    Pons + Cerebellum (ROSTRAL Part)
- Includes the:
VENTRICULUS QUARTUS (4th ventricle)
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15
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Borders

A

= MEDULLA OBLUBGATA

Borders:
- From 1st pair of Nervi Cervicales—> PONS
- Encloses Caudal Part of 4th VENTRICLE
+ VELUM MEDULAE CAUDALE

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16
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Location Nuclei

A

= MEDULLA OBLUNGATA

FOSSA MEDULLARE OBLUNGATA, DORSAL to Basi Occipital

NUCLEI of Cranial Nerves VI - XII
+ corresponding PARASYMPATHETIC NUCLEI
+ caudal part of LARGE nucleus of TRIGEMINAL NERVE

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17
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Function

A
  1. Controll of RESPiRATION & CIRCULATION
  2. Reflex for:
    - Protection of the EYE
    = Palpebral reflex and lacrimal secretion
  • Upper RESPIRATORY TRACT
    = Sneezing, Couching
  • Food intake
    = SUCLING and SWALLOWING

NB!!
- LEISON of MO = defekt of Cranial Nerves
—> DEATH

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18
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Structures found on the Ventral AsPect

A
  1. Fissura mediana
  2. Sulcus medianus
  3. Pyramis/ Tractus Pyramidalis
  4. Deccussatio Pyramidum
  5. OLIVIA
  6. Sulcus lateralis Ventralis
    - Nn. hypoglossus & abducens
  7. Funiculus lateralis
- Cranial Nerves VI-XII
IX, X and XI 
- in Ca leaving through For. Jugulare
- in Eq: For. lacerum 
XII 
- Foramen N. hypoglossi
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19
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Structures found on the DORSAL AsPect

A 
Corpus restiforme (lat)
—> Afferent fibers
\+
Corpus Juxtarestiforme (med)
—> Tractus vestibulocerebellaris & Tractus Cerebelloveestibularis

= Pedunculus Cerebellaris Caudalis
—> Connection of MO to Cerebellum

  1. TUBERCULUM Nuclei Cuneati
    = Prominence
  2. FACICULUS cuneatus = Bundach’s tract
    —> Sensory fibers —> FL
  3. TUBERCULUM Nuclei OPTICUS
  4. FACICULUS Gracilis = Goll’s tract
    —> Sensory fibers —> HL
  5. Sulcus Intermedius dorsalis
  6. Sulcus lateralis dorsalis
  7. Sulcus Medianus dorsalis
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20
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- MYELENCEPHALON
Structures found on the Transverse Section

A 
Faciculus cuneatus (Burdach)
Faciculus Gracilis (Goll)
Sulcus MEDIANUS dorsalis 
Sulcus intermedius dorsalis 
Sulcus lateralis dorsalis
Sulcus lateralis Ventralis
Fissura MEDIANUS
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21
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON

- METENCEPHALON

A

PARTS

  1. PONS
  2. CEREBELLUM
  3. TEGMENTUM METENCEPHALI
  4. VELUM MEDULARE ROSTRALE
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22
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
PONS

A

Pons = Bridge btw MO and MESENCEPHALON

  1. DORSAL part = TEGMENTUM Pontis (=ROOF of the 4th ventricle)
  2. VENTRAL part
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23
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
PONS
Main features

A

TRIGEMINAL nerve (V) (lat)
+ its motor nucleus
+ other motor Nuclei

  • Nuclei + Nervefibers of Formatio Reticularis = 1/2 PONS
  • Ascending + Descending Tracts
    Pedunculus cerebellaris medius—> CEREBELLUM
  • Fossa RHOMBOIDEA —> 4th ventricle
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24
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
Location

A

Above ventricle IV / DORSAL to FOSSA RHOMBOIDEA

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25
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
Composed of:

A 
BULK of GREY MATTER
 = CORTEX CEREBELLI
\+
WHITE MATTER (Enclosed in Cortex) 
= CORPUS MEDULLARE
—> Forms a «tree of Life» 
= ARBOR VITAE

PARTS:

  • Median Saggital Ridge = VERMIS
  • Lat. Hemispheres = Hemisphera Cerebellaris
VERMIS: 
- Rostral Lobe = ARCHICEREBELLUM
- Caudal Lobe = NEOCEREBELLUM
- Flocculonodular Lobe = PALEOCERREBELLUM (caudoventr)
\+ HEMISPHERA CEREBELLI
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26
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
FUNCTION

A
  1. Balance
  2. Coordination of skelletal muscles// Posture and locomotion
    —> Caudal Lobe : MOTOR function
    —> Rostral Lobe : PROPRIPCEPTIVE information
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27
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
Connection to BRAINSTEM

A

Rostral Cerebellar Peduncles
—> Velum MEDULLARE rostrale

Caudal Cerebellar Peduncles
—> Velum MEDULLARE caudale

Middle Cerebellar Peduncles
—> PONS

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28
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON
- METENCEPHALON
4th VENTRICLE

A

VELA MEDULLARE & FOSSA RHOMBOIDEA
= 4th ventricle

Velum MEDULLARE rostrale et caudale
- Btw FOSSA RHOMBOIDEA - Cerebellum 
- like a TENT
// Velum MEDULLARE Caudale 
—>TELA CHOROIDEA

Velum MEDULLARE + Cerebellum
= ROOF of 4th ventricle

Fossa RHOMBOIDEA
= FLOOR of 4th ventricle

  • WALL marked by bilateral EMINENCES
    = AREA ACCUSTICA
  • EMINENTIA Medialis: Btw Sulcus mediastinus —> LIMITANS
    • Nuclei of Cranial Nerves IX, X, XII

OBEX = Caudal end of Sulcus MEDIANUS

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29
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON

- Nuclei MO (MESENCEPHALON)

A

Ca:

  1. Nucl Parasympatheticus vagi
  2. Nucl Intercalatus
    - reflex connection to nucleus motorius N.HYPOGLOSSi
  3. Nucl Tractus Solitarii
    (Tractus solitarius=
    GUSTATORY fibers of nn VII & IX
    + Sensory fibers of nn. IX & X
  4. Nucl Ambiguus(Nucl motorius nn vagi et glossopharyngeus)
  5. TEGMENTUM RHOMBENCEPHALI
    —> To canalis centralis & 4th ventricle
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30
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON

- Nuclei PONS (METENCEPHALON)

A
  1. Nucleus ceruleus?
  2. Nucl. Sensibilis pontinus n. Trigemini
  3. Nucl. Motorius n. Trigemini
  4. Nucl. Motorius n. Abducentis
  5. Nucl. VESTIBULARIS med et lat
  6. Nucl. Cochlearis dors et ventr
  7. Nucl. Motorius n. Facialis
  8. Nucl dorsalis corporis trapezoidei + ventr
  9. Trat. Spinalis n. Trigemini + Nucl
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31
Q

MESENCEPHALON, DIENCEPHALON

A

MESENCEPHALON = Midbrain
Dorsal—>Ventral
1- Tectum mesencephali
(Lamina tecti, lamina Quadrigemina)

2+ TEGMENTUM mesencephali

3+ cerebral Peduncles / Crura Cerebri, Pedunculi Cerebri

DIENCEPHALON = Forebrain
= 
1. EPIthalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Metathalamus
4. Hypothalamus
32
Q

Midbrain

Function

A

Function of MESENCEPHALON

// Nuclei of III & IV Cranial Nerves 
—> Coordination of voluntary Muscle functions 
// Red nucleus
—> Muscle Tone, Body posture, LOcOmOtIoN
// Substantia Nigra
—> Intitia phase of FAST movement

Aquaductus mesencephali: Btw III and IV ventricles

33
Q

MESENCEPHALON

- Tectum mesencephali

A

TECTUM mesencephali (Lamina tecti, Lam quadrigemina)
= ROOF of Midbrain
—> Covers Aquaductus Mesencephali

= Coliculus rostrale + Coliculus caudale
- Colliculi = Reflex centers for HEARING&VISION
- Coliculus rostrale = VISION PATHWAY
Corpus geniculatum laterale
- Coliculus caudale = AUDITORY PATHWAY
Corpus geniculatum mediale
34
Q

MESENCEPHALON

- TEGMENTUM mesencephali

A

= cone of Midbrain
Formed mostly by reticular formation!

  1. Nucleus Motorius m. OCULOMOTORIUS III
  2. Nucleus Parasympatheticus N. OCULOMOTORIUS IIi
  3. Nucleus Ruber = red nucleus
  4. Nucleus TRochlearis IV
  5. Nucleus motorius N. Trigemini V

Substantia Nigra = Underly TEGMENTUM and Red nucleus

35
Q

MESENCEPHALON

- CRURA CEREBRI

A

Visible on Ventral aspect
Caudal to optic tract!

Bound:
Laterally —> by Piriform lobes
Caudally —> by the PONS

Contains: 
Decending tracts —> to TELENCEPHALON 
- Fossa Interpedubcularis: contain:
1. mammillary body
2. hypophyseal INFUNDIBULUM 
3. Pituitary gland
36
Q

DIENCEPHALON

A

= Forebrain
= Part of the PROENCEPHALON!
3rd ventricle

Rostrally:
ventriculus lateralis L/R
Foramen interventriculare
Lamina terminalis 
Commisura rostralis
Optic Chiasma 
Caudally: 
Plexus choroideus
Epithalamus w/ Glandula Pinealis
Habenula
Lamina terminalis grisea
Commissura caud
Aquaductus mesencephali
Ventrally:
Pedunculus Cerebri
Corpus mammilae
Hypothalamus 
Cavity of hypophysis
37
Q

DIENCEPHALON

Function

A
  1. Pineal Gland
    —> Regulates SEXUAL AVTIVITY and its seasonal changes
    Involved in Sleep-wake cycle!
  2. Thalamus:
    —> Sensory tract -> cerebral Cortex
    (exept olefactory)
3. Hypothalamus:
—> Controlls HYPOPHYSIS —> Endocrine syst
- Eating and Drining behavoir
- temperature regulation
- Autonomic nervous system regulation
38
Q

DIENCEPHALON

- EPITHALAMUS

A
  • Glandula Pinealis
    + Habenula & Assosiated tracts
GLANDULA PINEALIS
= Endocrine gland
Function:
—> Secrets MELATONIN + others
- affects sexual activity
- Ovarian activity
HABENULA
= Habenular Nuclei
—> Recieve fibers from TELENCEPHALON 
—> Send fibers to MESENCEPHALON
Function:
—> IMPoRTaInt part of OLEFACTORY Pathway
39
Q

DIENCEPHALON

- THALAMUS

A

= lateral wall of 3rd ventricle
= largest part of DIENCEPHALON

DORSAL THALAMUS
- a lot of Nuclei —> cerebral Cortex = Integration centers to the brain stem (bs)
- Afferent tracts:
GUSTATORY 
OPTIC
ACOUSTIC
VESTIBULAR organ (not olefaction)

SUBTHALAMUS
= Rostral continuation of
TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI

  • Contains Subthalmic Nuclei =
    relay for EXTRAPYRAMIDAL MOTOR PATHWAY
  • L+R THALAMUS = Connected by
    ADHESIONS INTERTHALAMICA = Enclosed by 3rd ventricle!
40
Q

DIENCEPHALON

- METATHALAMUS

A

= Caudolateral part of THALAMUS

- Comprises medial & lateral geniculate bodies/ Corpora Geniculata

41
Q

DIENCEPHALON

- HYPOTHALAMUS

A 
= Floor of 3rd ventricle
Rostral —> Caudal
- Optic Chiasma 
- Tuber cineneum/ grey tuber of 3rd ventricle 
- Corpus Mammilae/ mammillary body

INFUNDIBULUM with Hypophysis= pituitary Gl
HYPOPHYSIS = Neurophysis Intermediate part
+ ADENOPHYSIS

42
Q

TELENCEPHALON

A 
= Paired hemispheres
- separated by:
Longitudinal Fissures
- connected by:
Commisural Fissures
—> Corpus callosum
- on the surface of the Hemispheres 
Elevated bands: GYRI CEREBRI
Separated by: SULCI CEREBRI
  • Composition of Hemispheres:
    Surface GREY Matter = Cerebral Cortex or PHALLIUM
    Cerebral WHITE Matter + deep accumulation of grey matter = BASAL NUCLEI
43
Q

TELENCEPHALON

Function

A

Olefactory area - Rhinencephalon
Visual area
Auditory area
Motor area —> controll of voluntary posture and movement

44
Q

TELENCEPHALON

Cortex or PALLIUM

A

= PALEO+ARCHI+NEOPALLIUM

PALEOPALLIUM —> OLFACTION
ARCHIPALLIUM —> short term memory
NEOPALLIUM! 4 lobes

Ventral —> medial —> dorsolateral
= Enveloping the brainstem

45
Q

TELENCEPHALON

PALEOPALIUM

A 
OLEFACTION
= Oldest part phylogenetically
Ventral part of each HEMISPHERES 
- Part of RHINENCEPHALON
- between sulcus rhinalis lateralis & sulcus endorhinalis
ROSTRAL to it: Bulbus Olefactorius
LATERAL: includes Lobus Piriformis 
MEDIAL: commisura terminalis rostralis (Rostral wall of IV ventricle)
46
Q

TELENCEPHALON

- ARCHIPALLIUM

A

= Short term memory
Next oldest
- MEDIAL Part of each HEMISPHERES
= HYPOCAMPUS + associated structures

47
Q

TELENCEPHALON

- NEOPHALLIUM

A

= youngest
Predominant part
Dorsolateral

4 LOBES, named by the overlying bone:

  1. FRONTAL
    Motor areas + origin of pyramidal tracts + concentration
2. PARIETTAL
Sensory area (Pain, touch, pressure)
3. TEMPORAL 
Auditory area (+langage)
\+ LIMBIC system in it!!
- Hypocapus, short term memory
- Amygdala, emotions
  1. OCCIPITAL
    Visual Area

Separated from RHINENCEPHALON by sulcus rhinalis

48
Q

TELENCEPHALON

- NEOPALLIUM and CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

A 
Fissura LONGITUDINALIS Cerebri
- Separates L+R HEMISPHERES
- Flanked by:
Sulcus MARGINALIS 
Sulcus CRUCIATUS

Picture:

  • Sulcus suprasylvius
  • Sulcus ectosylvius (rostral/caudal)
  • Olefactory bulb
  • Sulcus rhinalis lateralis
  • pars rostralis et caudalis
  • Lobus piriformis
  • Fissura transversa Cerebri
  • FISSURA Sylvia
49
Q

TELENCEPHALON
GYRi and Sulcuses
DORSAL view

A 
DORSAL VIEW
GYRi:
- Frontal
- Prorean
- Precruciate
- Postcruciate
- Endomarginal 
- Marginal
- Ectomarginal
- Suprasylvian (rostral et caudal)
- Ectosylvian

SULCI: fissura LONGITUDINALIS most DORSAL

  • Prorean
  • Presylvian
  • Cruciate
  • Postcruciate
  • Coronal
  • Ansate
  • Endomarginal
  • Marginal
  • Ectomarginal
  • Suprasylvian (rostr/caud)
50
Q

TELENCEPHALON
GYRi and Sulcus
Lateral view

A 
LATERAL VIEW
GYRi:
- Frontal
- Prorean
- Precruciate
- Postcruciate
- ROSTRAL COMPOSITE
- Marginal
- Ectomarginal
- Suprasylvian (ROSTRAL, MIDLE, CAUDAL)
- Ectosylvian (ROSTRAL, MIDLE, CAUDAL)
- Sylvian (rostral and caudal)

SULCI:

  • Prorean
  • Presylvian
  • Cruciate
  • Coronal
  • Ansate
  • Marginal
  • Ectomarginal
  • Suprasylvian (rostral, middle and caudal)
  • Ectosylvian (rostral, middle and caudal)
  • Pseudosylvian fissure
  • Lateral Rhinal sulcus (caudal)

OLFACToRY BULB:

  • lateral rhinal sulcus (rostral)
  • Piriform Lobe
51
Q

TELENCEPHALON
GYRi and sulcus
Ventral view

A

LATERAL VIEW
GYRi:

  • ROSTRAL and caudal COMPOSITE
  • Prorean
    (OLFACToRY bulb, lat OLFACToRY tract+tubercle and Piriform Lobe)
  • Frontal
  • Diagonal
  • PARAHYPOCAMPAL
  • SPLEENIAL
  • OCCIPiTAL

SULCI:

  • Presylvian lateral
  • Rhinal sulcus (lateral and caudal limb)
  • Pseudosylvian fissure
  • supra splenial
  • SPLENIAL
  • Hippocampal

OLFACToRY BULB:

  • lateral rhinal sulcus (caudal)
  • OLFACToRY Peduncles
  • endorhinal sulcus
  • Piriform Lobe
52
Q

TELENCEPHALON
GYRi and sulcus
Median view

A

GYRI

  • Frontal
  • GENUAL
  • STRAiGHT
  • septal region
  • OLFACToRY bulb
  • PARAOLFACTORY
  • PARATERMINAL
  • GENICULI
  • SUPRA CALLOSAL
  • INDUCIUM GRISEUM
  • GYRUS FASCIOLARIS
  • CALLOSAL
  • DENTATE GyRUs TUBERCLE
  • Occipital
  • splenial
  • parahippicampal
  • CINGULATE

CORPUS CALLOSUM
Internal capskledde (transected)
Rostral commisura

SULCI:

  • Median Rhinal
  • Ectogenual
  • GENUAL
  • Cruciate
  • CALLOSAL
  • OLFACToRY bulb
  • PARAOLFACTORY
  • Supra splenial
  • splenial
  • hippocampal
  • Piriform Lobe
CORPUS CALLOSUM
Internal capsule (transected)
Rostral commisura
OLFACToRY Tubercle 
OLFACToRY Peduncles
OLFACToRY bulb
53
Q

TELENCEPHALON

CORPUS STRIATUM

A

(Basal ggl)( INTERNAL organ of the HEMISPHEREs)

= Nucleus Caudatus
+ Putamen
+ Claustrum
+ Corpus amygdaloideum

FUNCTION:
Reaponsible for producing appropriate direction and magnitude

NUCLEUS CAUDATUS
= rostral part of FLOOR of lateral ventricle 
—> Capsula interna 
PUTAMEN 
= Lateroventral to Nucl Caudatus 
—> Capsula Externa
CLAUSTRUM
= lateral to Putamen, 
// Visual and LIMBIC System
54
Q

TELENCEPHALON

CORPUS CALIOSUM

A

= Cohesion btw 2 HEMISPHEREs

  • Truncus Corpori callosi
    = elongated region
    —> Splenium = Caudal rounded end
    —> Genu Corporis callosi = rostral end
  • Septum Pallucideum
    = Thin membrane btw the 2 lateral ventricles
55
Q

Organ of OLEFACTION

A

In the nose!

Olefactory mucosa covering :
- lateral wall of CONCHA
+ caudal part of nasal cavity

  1. Organum Olefactorius
    —> Regio Olefactoria Tunica mucosae Nasi
    = Olefactory mucosa on caudal portions of CONCHA ETHMOIDALIS & Septum Nasi

—> Glandulae Olefactoriae
= Moistens, wash away previous odorants
= Olfactory glands = serous glands
- in olfactory epithelium

  1. Organum Vomeronasale
    —> Ductus Vomeronasalis
    = caudally blind-ending tube of olefactory mucosa.
    - Associated with OLFACTORY glands
  2. OLFACTORY NERVES
    - Bipolar
    - From mucosa —> Lamina Cribrosa -> BO
56
Q

OLFACTORY PATHWAY

A

= Cranial Nerve nr 1!
N. OLEFACTORIUS I

  • Sensory
  • Numerous
    NON-MYELINATED AXONS Bodies in OLFACTORY epithelium

AXONS —> Cribriform plate —> BO: Synapses
- Nervous terminalis: VOMERONASAL organ
—> RHINENCEPHALON

PATHWAY:
Fila olefactoria —> lamina cribrosa  —> BO —> Pedunculus Olefactorius —> Tractus Olefactorius 
—> Lat —> Lobus piriformis 
—> INT —> Trigonum Olefactorius
—> med —> Gyrus Subcallosus
57
Q

RHINENCEPHALON

A

= OLFACTORY Brain!
= Basal TELENCEPHALON + HIPPOCAMUS + Associated structures paleus + Auchi Pallium

1. Pars BASALIS
= Paleopallum 
—> Olfactory
—> Conscious Perception of smell 
(//Frontal Lobe)
  • Fila olefactoria ***
    = nervebundles —> N.OLEFACTORIUS
  • Bulbus Olefactorius ***
  • Pedunculus Olefactorius ***
    Joins BO to HEMISPHEREs
  • Tractus Olefactorius (lat+med) ***
  • Trigonum Olefactorium ***

Lobus piriformis -> caud to ped. Olf!
Tuberculum olf

  1. Pars Septalis
    —> Medial aspect of Hemispheres
- Septum Telencephali (pelucidum) ***
—> Connects corpus callosum & Fonnix
—> Separates Ventriculi laterales 
- Gyrus paraterminalis 
    - Gyrus diagonalis
- Gyrus Subcallosus ***
 (area subcallosa)
  1. Pars Limbica
    —> NON-olefactory
    —> EMOTIONAL response - ARCHIPALLIUM
  • HIPPOCAMPUS ***
    • Gyrus Supracollosus
    • Gyrus geniculi
    • Tuberculum Hyppocampus
  • FORNIX ***
    = accurate fibers
    Hyppocampus —> Corpus Mammilae
  • Pars Precommissuralis

*** = mentioned by ferenc

58
Q

RHINENCEPHALON

Pars BASILARIS

A

PALEOPALLIUM
—> separated from NEOPALLIUM by sulcus RHINALIS

  • FILA OLFACTORIA
    Olfactory Nerves —> lamina cribrosa —> BO
  • BULBUS OLEFACTORIUS = most rostral part
    In FOSSA ETHMOIDALIS
    Contains mitral cells ++
  • PEDUNCULUS OLEFACTORIUS = caud part
    —> from BO to TRACTUS OLEFACTORIUS
    LATERATIS —> Lobus Piriformis
    MEDIALIS —> Commisura rostralis g. Subcallosus
  • Trigonum Olefactorium +
  • Substentia Perforata Rostralis
    = OLFACTORY AREA
59
Q

RHOMBENCEPHALON

- Pars LIMBICA/ LIMBIC SYSTEM

A

= Structures involved in EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOUR

  1. Cortical Part: Gyrus Angulus / Cingulum
    + Lobus Piriformis
    + Hippocampus
2. Subcortical Part: 
Habenula + Hypothalamus + Thalamus (Diencephalon)
Interpendecular & Tegmental Nuclei 
(Mesencephalon)
\+ Corpus Amygdaloideum

FUNCTION:
- Olfactory Input from PIRIFORM LOBE
= Visceral motor activities

  • Emotional Behaviours
    (fear, agression, pleasure)
  • Input // Thirst, Hunger, Sexual behaviour
60
Q

Pathways of the Brain

A

ASCENDING - AFFERENT (Sensory)

  1. SOMATIC AFFERENT PATHWAY
    Skin
    Touch, pressure, vibratory sensation —> Brain
    Deeper Somatic tissue
    Thermal sens, pain, kinaestetic sens -> Brain
  • LEMINISCUS System
    Conciousness
    A. TRIGEMINAL pathway
    B. SPINAL pathway
  • EXTRA LEMINISCUS system
    Sense organs
    A. VISUAL pathway
    B. VESTIBULAR/AUDITORY pathway
61
Q

LEMINISCUS SYSTEM

A

LEMINISCUS SYSTEM=
Most importaint Ascending tract//Conciousness

TRIGEMINAL LEMINISCUS 
- Sensory fibers FROM head!
Nucl. sensibilis pontinus n. Trigeminus
Nucl. Tractus Spinalis n. Trigeminus 
Deccusatio of Leminiscus
SPINAL LEMINISCUS 
Medial = Fascicus gracilis (Goll’s Column)
Lat= Fasciculus cuneatus
Nucleus cuneatus
Nucleus gracilis

Facies CUNEATUS

  • Plexus brachialis & Cranial trunk
  • Plexus lumbosacralis & caudal trunk
62
Q

EXTRALEMINISCAL system

A
  • Spinothalmic tract
  • Proprioceptive info from tendons

I neurons — to neurons of DORSAL horns
Close to Spinal roots, synapses with interneurons.

II neurons — to white matter ventrolat funiculi, synapses in THALAMUS

III neurons — thalamus —> Cortex

—> Afferent pathway from SENSE ORGANS

63
Q

EXTRA LEMINISCAL system

VISUAL pathway

A

Visual info = light

Retina R

Optic nerve

Optic Chiasma

Tractus opticus

(Mesoenceph)

  • Lateral geniculate
  • optic thalamus
  • Coliculus roatralis (nuclei of reticular formation, caudate nucleus)—> Reflex
Optic radiation (internal capsule)
Visual Caleb (occipital Kobe)
—> conscious
64
Q

Vestibular/ Auditory pathway

A

Vestibular nerves -> majority terminate in vestibular nuclei
- Nucl. Vestibularis lat (Deiters)
- Nucl. Vestibularis rostralis (Bechtenew)
- Nucl. Vestibularis med (Swalbe)
= PONS and MO

  • Nucl. Vestibularis caud (Roller)
    = Cerebellum

COCHLEAR Nerves: synapses in cochlear Nuclei
- Nucl. Cochlearis dorsalis
- Nucl. Cochlearis Ventralis
= lateral to MO

65
Q

ASCENDING Pathway

A

ASCENDING —> CNS
*3 neurons

  1. light, tactile sensation. GOLL-BURDACH
  2. Motor Afferent
    SC
    -fasciculus
    + gracilis cuneatus = Goll burdacu
66
Q

EFFERENT - DECEnDINg pathway

A

SOMATIC EFF pathways: Regulated at 2 levels with CNS

  1. Lower motor neurons (LMN)
    Located within
    —> Ventral column of grey matter of sp.chord
    —> Motor Nuclei of Cranial Nerves
  2. uPPer motor neurons (UMN)
    Located in NEOPHALLIUM
    + red Nucleus of MESENCEPHALON
    + reticular formation

Do not project directly to
—> controll activity of LMN

  • connection btw LMN & UMN
  • 2 descending patways in close collaberation
  • Controlled by CEREBELLUM
67
Q

PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM

A 
Corticospinal tract —> concious
- Finelly adjusted movements
- interspecial diff way importaint
Primates: dup ++ 
- Damages = PARALYSIS
MO lesion —> spinolat side paralysis
Cortex lesion —> Centrolat side paralysis

Origin of pyramidal FIBeRs:
Neophallum(TELENCEPHALON)
—> basal Nuclei —> Tractus pyramidalis
= 75% deccussatio pyramideum = corticospinal lateral tract —> HL and FL
= 25% NON—crossing fibers = corticospinal Ventral tract —> Trunk

3 types of fibers:

  1. corticospinal fibers
  2. corticobulbar fibers : term in nuclei of cranial nerves
  3. Corticopontine fibers: nuclei in pen
68
Q

Motor pathways

A

PYRAMiDAL
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL
Visceral eff pathways
- controlled by hypothalamus

SYMPATHETIC
- caudal part of hypothalamus

UP: BP- heart rate- respiratory rate - dilated pupils

DOWN: gut motility - intestinal gland activity

PARASYMPATHETIC
- roatral part of hypothalamus

DOWN: heart rate - resp.rate - pupils constrict
UP: gut motility, intestinal secretion, defecation and urination

69
Q

Fluid environment

A

Periosteum
Dura mater
Arachnoidea
Pia Matter

Cavum EPIDURALE
Cavum SUBDURALE
Cavum SUBARACHINOIDALE

70
Q

Cavum EPIDURALE

A

Btw 2 layers of DURA MATTER
But only SPINAL CORD
-> brain: fusion btw periosteum

71
Q

CAVUM SUBDURALE

A

Btw dura matter & archinoidea

72
Q

CAVUM SUBARACHINOIDALE

A

Btw arachnoidea & Pia matter
Enlarged cisterna *4

  1. C. Cerebromedullaris: Btw Cerebellum - MO
  2. c. Vallecula lay. Cerebri: in vallecula lat cerebri
  3. c. Chiasmatis: around chiasma opticus
  4. C. Interpesuncularis: in fossa interpesuncularis
73
Q

CEREBRO SPiNaL FLUID (CSF)

A

Clear, colorless fluid

FORMATION:
- in plexus choroideus
- from blood plasma
-by ultrafiltration 
Through blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BBB)
- Produced continuously 30mL/h (ca)
COMPOSITION: 
HIGH: [cu2+] [K+]
LOW: [Na+][Cl-][Mg2+]
Deficiency in GLUCOSE
Little proteins //BBB
FUNCTION
- Mechanical protection of Brain&spinal chord
- Chemical buffering capacity
—> stabile Mileu 
- transport of:
—> Nutrients 
—> Waste products
—> Neuroendocrine subst 
—> Neurotransmitters
74
Q

CIrCUlATION of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  1. Circulates through ventricular system (in brain)
    —> onwards by
    - filtration pressure
    - Ciliary activity of ependymal lining
  2. Escapes from interior of brain
    - by 2 aperture lateralis of IVth ventricle
    - + apertura Medianus (eq, ca)
  3. Bathes brain and spinal chord
  4. Returns to blood
    -> through arachnoid granules that pierse dura matter
    —> enters dorsal saggital venous system
    + smaller part of fluid —> to meningeal cuffs around origin of cran & spinal non.
    —> absorbed by perineal lymph
75
Q

VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

A
  • CSF secretion in V. II (lat), III, IV —> appertura lat of IV
VENTRICULUS *4
I: Recess of olfactory bulb
II= lat. TELENCEPHALON 
III DIENCEPHALON
IV RHOMBENCEPHALON
76
Q

PLEXUS CHOROIDEUS

A

= onfolding og blood vessels of PIA MaTTER
- covered by epidymal cells —> CSF produces

  • 2 in lateral ventriculus
  • 1 in III ventricle
  • 1 in IV ventricle

Supported by TELA CHOROIDEA = ROOF of IV ventricle!

Extends int appertura Lateralis (IV v)

Anatomy 3 Final General (39 decks)

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