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NPLEX2 Botanicals > Botanicals - Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Botanicals - Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

The GI section is broken into 6 categories. What are they?

A 
Anthelmintics
Astringents
Bitters
Carminatives
Demulcents
Regulators
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2
Q

GI list of botanicals

A 
Juglans nigra
Tanacetum vulgare
Ceonothus americanus
Geranium maculatum
Quercus rubra
Articum lappa
Artemisia absinthum
Artemisia vulgaris
Gentiana lutea
Cinnamonum zeylandicum
Foeniculum vulgare
Matricaria recutita
Mentha piperita
Rosmarinus officinalis
Cannabis sativa
Linum usitatissimum
Ulmus ribra
Aloe vera
Cassia senna
Podophyllum peltatum
Rhamnus frangula
Rhamnus purshiana
Ricinus communis
rumex crispus
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3
Q

What botanicals are considered GI Anthelmintics? what does Anthelmintics mean?

A

Juglans nigra
Tanacetum vulgare

Used to destroy parasitic worms

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4
Q

Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) indications

A

Intestinal parasites and worms, chronic constipation, dysentery, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol

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5
Q

Juglans nigra CI

A

Pregnancy, long term use

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6
Q

Juglans nigra s/e’s

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, carcinogenic, mutagenic

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7
Q

Juglans nigra constituents

A

naphthoquinones, volatile oils, tannins

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8
Q

Juglans nigra actions

A

Anti-parasitic, anthelminthic, astringent, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic

Jug of nigra (black) worms can cause cancer and kill babies.

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9
Q

Juglans nigra family, parts used

A

family: Juglandaceae; Parts used: Bark, leaves, rind of the fruit

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10
Q

Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy) indications

A

Intestinal worms, intestinal parasites. Gingivitis, weak digestion, amenorrhea

Tenacious and vulgar worms can be kept at bay with thujone but can also kill your baby.

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11
Q

Tanacetum vulgare CI

A

Pregnancy, G.I. irritation

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12
Q

Tanacetum vulgare interactions

A

None

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13
Q

Tanacetum vulgare s/e’s

A

Allergic hypersensitivity to Asteraceae

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14
Q

Tanacetum vulgare constituents

A

Volatile oils: thujone, artemisia ketone, isothujone. Sesquiterpene lacotnes, flavonoids, tannins

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15
Q

Tanacetum vulgare actions

A

anthelmintic, insecticide, emmenagogue. Bitter, astringent

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16
Q

Tanacetum vulgare family, parts used

A

Family: Asteraceae

Parts used; dried flowering herb

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17
Q

how many astringents are there in the G.I. system, name them

A

there are 3
Ceanothus americanus
Gernamium maculatum
Quercus rubra

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18
Q

Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea) indications

A

Fatty liver, hepatitis, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bronchitis, asthma, cough, dysentery, G.I. bleeding, skin irritation and sores.

CeCe an Thus are true Americanos! Two Jersey boys drinking Long Island Ice teas. Too bad they both end up with fatty livers and enlarged spleen and LNs. They both end up in the hospital with GI bleeds, skin sores and coughing their brains out.

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19
Q

Ceanothus americanus CI

A

None

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20
Q

Ceanothus americanus s/e’s

A

None

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21
Q

Ceanothus americanus interactions

A

May antagonize anticoagulants

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22
Q

Ceanothus americanus constituents

A

cyclic peptide alkaloids, triterpenes: ceanothusic acid, ceanothenic acid. Tannins

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23
Q

Ceanothus americanus actions

A

Astringent, anti-spasmodic, splenic tonic. Hypotensive, Sedative, expectorant.

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24
Q

Ceanothus americanus pharmacology

A

Tannins have an astringent effect from rat studies where the herb reduce blood clotting time by 25%. Results are difficult to assess to extrapolate to its application human studies. The herbs useful as an astringent, expectorant and anti-spasmodic.

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25
Q

Ceanothus americanus Family and parts used

A

Family: Rhamnaceae

Parts used: dried leaves, dried root bark and fresh leaves

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26
Q

Geranium maculatum (American cransebill) Indications

A

Bleeding gastrointestinal ulcers, hemorrhoids, wounds. Heavy menstruation, metarrahgia, dysmenorrhea

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27
Q

Geranium maculatum CI

A

None

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28
Q

Geranium maculatum s/e’s

A

None

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29
Q

Geranium maculatum interactions

A

Tannins may reduce drug absorption when taken simultaneously

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30
Q

Geranium maculatum constituents

A

Tannins; Gallo tannins 30%

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31
Q

Geranium maculatum pharmacology

A

Tannins give the herb astringent, hemostyptic and tonic properties

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32
Q

Geranium maculatum Family and parts used

A

Family: Geraniaceae

Parts used: dried rhizome and leaves

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33
Q

Quercus rubra (red oak) indications

A

Topical: veracities, anal fissure, wounds, small burns, strains, sprains, weeping eczema, hemorrhoids
Douche: leukorrhea, vaginal prolapse, postpartum uterine bleeding
Internal: diarrhea, dysentery, rectal bleed, IBD, ulcers

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34
Q

Quercus rubra CI

A

Heart failure, large areas of skin damage, constipation, iron deficiency anemia

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35
Q

Quercus rubra interactions

A

Tannins may reduce drug absorption when taken simultaneously

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36
Q

Quercus rubra constituents

A

Tannins

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37
Q

Quercus rubra Family and parts used

A

Family: Fagaceae

Parts used: Bark

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38
Q

how many bitters are there in the gastrointestinal system? Name them.

A 
There are four bitters
Articum lappa (Burdock)
Artemesia absinthum (Wormwood)
Artemisia vulagris (mugwort) 
Gentian lutea (Gentian, yellow gentian)
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39
Q

Articum lappa indications

A

Burdock’s action is a bitter stimulant for digestive juice secretion (bile). This helps with digestion and appetite, as well as for anorexia nervosa and similar conditions. It’s also used for treating skin conditions that result in dry and scaly patches like psoriasis, eczema, dandruff.
Topical leaves: mastitis, OA, RA, sprains.

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40
Q

Articum lappa CI

A

May cause allergic reaction and people sensitive to plants of the Asteraceae family

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41
Q

Articum lappa s/e’s

A

Nausea

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42
Q

Articum lappa interactions

A

Additive hypoglycemic effect may necessitate adjustment of insulin (speculative)

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43
Q

Articum lappa constituents

A

lignins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, mucilage, pectin, fatty acids, phenolic acids

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44
Q

Articum lappa actions

A

Alternative, diuretic, bitter, hypoglycemic

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45
Q

Articum lappa Family and parts used

A

Family: Asteraceae

Parts used: Root, seeds, leaf

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46
Q

Artemesia absinthum (wormwood) indications

A

Weak digestion, dyspepsia, stomach pain, colic, gas. Round worm and pin worms. Mild depression. Colds and influenza

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47
Q

Artemesia absinthum CI

A

History of seizures, stomach or intestinal ulcers. Pregnancy and breast-feeding.

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48
Q

Artemesia absinthum s/e’s

A

Continuous use of wormwood is not advisable. thujon content of this herb in large doses can lead to vomiting, stomach and intestinal cramps, headaches, dizziness, and disturbances of the central nervous system.

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49
Q

Artemesia absinthum interactions

A

Antagonistic effect with proton pump inhibitors (esomeprazole)
Iron: tannin content of wormwood may complex with concomitantly administered iron and may result in adverse sequela and blood components. Administer separately within one to two hour spacing.

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50
Q

Artemesia absinthum constituents

A

Volatile oil: THUJONE. Sesquiterpene bitters; absinthine, anabsinthine, matricine

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51
Q

Artemesia absinthum actions

A

Bitter, carminative, antimicrobial, antidepressant (mild)

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52
Q

Artemesia absinthum Family and parts used

A

Family: Asteraceae

Parts used: Aerial leaf

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53
Q

Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) indications

A

Poor digestion (hypochlorhydia, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas), depression, amenorrhea

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54
Q

Artemisia vulgaris CI

A

Due to bitter digestive stimulation: Gerd, active peptic ulcer, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea; pregnancy and lactation; allergy to asteraceae family

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55
Q

Artemisia vulgaris Interactions

A

Antagonistic effect with proton pump inhibitors (esomeprazole)
Potentiates hypoglycemic drugs (Metforman, glyburide, Rosiglitazone)
theoretical: decrease drug absorption due to increased motility

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56
Q

Artemisia vulgaris s/e’s

A

Thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions

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57
Q

Artemisia vulgaris constituents

A

volatile oils: thujone, camphor. Sesquiterpene lactones: vulgarin, pilostachyin,. Lipophilic flavonoids. Hydroxycoumarins: aesculetin

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58
Q

Artemisia vulgaris actions

A

Bitter tonic, nervine tonic. Carminative, Emmenagogue

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59
Q

Artemisia vulgaris Family and parts used

A

Family: Asteraceae

Parts used: Root, dried branch tips

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60
Q

Gentiana lutea (Gentian, Yellow gentian) indications

A

Dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite, flatulence. I’ll see used as a tonic and in teas to stimulate bile secretion and alleviate loss of appetite and fullness.

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61
Q

Gentiana lutea CI

A

Deserves stimulation of gastric juice secretion rules out it’s administration in the presence of stomach or duodenal ulcers

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62
Q

Gentiana lutea s/e’s

A

Excess stomach acid, nausea

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63
Q

Gentiana lutea interactions

A

Antagonistic effect with proton pump inhibitors (esomeprazole)
theoretical: decreased drug absorption due to increased gut motility

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64
Q

Gentiana lutea constituents

A

Iridoid monoterpenes (bitter principles), monosaccharides, pyridine alkaloids

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65
Q

Gentiana lutea actions

A

Bitter, cholagogue, hepato-tonic, sialogogue, antimicrobial, Emmenagogue

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66
Q

Gentiana lutea pharmacology

A

Essential active substances are the bitters in the serve that bring a reflux stimulation of the taste receptors, leading to increased secretion of saliva in the digestive juices. It’s also restorative and tonic, with a possible cholagogic effect that may be sensory reflexive.

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67
Q

Gentiana lutea Family and parts used

A

Family: Gentianaceae

Parts used: Rhizome and root

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68
Q

How many Carminatives are there in the gastrointestinal system? Name them.

A 
There are five.
Cinnanmomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon)
Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel)
Mentha piperita (peppermint)
Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary)
Zingiber officinale (Ginger)
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69
Q

Cinnanmomum zeylanicum indications

A

Loss of appetite; nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia (indigestion)

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70
Q

Cinnanmomum zeylanicum CI

A

Pregnancy, allergic sensitivity, stomach or intestinal ulcers, acid reflux, prolonged use of the essential oil is toxic because of Cinnamaldehyde Content

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71
Q

Cinnanmomum zeylanicum s/e’s

A

G.I. irritant, nausea, vomiting

72
Q

Cinnanmomum zeylanicum constituents

A

Volatile oil: cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid. Diterpenes, oligomeric proanthocyanidines, mucilages.

73
Q

Cinnanmomum zeylanicum actions

A

Astringent, Carminative, antibacterial (H. pylori), antimicrobial, vasodilator, diaphoretic, anti-spasmodic

74
Q

Cinnanmomum zeylanicum Family and parts used

A

Family: Lauraceae

Parts used: Cinnamon oil extracted from the bark and cinnamon leaf oil

75
Q

Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) indications

A

Fennel is an excellent stomach and intestinal remedy that relieves flatulence and colic while stimulating digestion and appetite. It has a calming affect and bronchitis, coughs and has a flavoring cough remedy. Infant colic, non-ulcer dyspepsia, maldigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, flatulence. Catarrh of the upper respiratory tract.

76
Q

Foeniculum vulgare CI

A

Pregnancy, children under two, prolonged use

77
Q

Foeniculum vulgare Interactions

A

None

78
Q

Foeniculum vulgare s/e’s

A

Cross sensitivity with celery allergy may be possible. Allergic reactions are rare. Fresh plant may cause contact dermatitis. CNS toxicity in high doses.

79
Q

Foeniculum vulgare constituents

A

Volatile oil, flavonoids, coumarins

80
Q

Foeniculum vulgare actions

A

Carminative, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogen, galactagogue

81
Q

Foeniculum vulgare family and parts used

A

Family: apiaceae

Parts used: fennel oil extracted from ripe fruit and ride ripe fruit and fennel seeds

82
Q

Mentha piperita (peppermint) indications

A

Topical: mylagia, OA, RA, Headaches, Strains and sprains
Internal: Cholelithiasis, infant colic, non-ulcer dyspepsia, flatus, maldigestion, IBS, IBD, nausea, vomiting, smooth muscle spasm, possible viral upper respiratory tract infection

83
Q

Mentha piperita CI

A

Pregnancy due to its emmamagogue effect. Gerd; occlusion of biliary ducts, gallbladder inflammation and severe liver disease. Do not apply to open wounds. Do not apply to the faces of infants or small children especially nasal area due to potential asthmatic reaction.

84
Q

Mentha piperita s/e’s

A

May cause allergic reaction. Avoid with glucose six phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Avoid prolonged use as an inhalant.

85
Q

Mentha piperita interactions

A

Concurrent use of peppermint oil and calcium channel blockers may result in reduced effectiveness of calcium channel blockers.

86
Q

Mentha piperita constituents

A

Volatile oils: menthol, menthone, methyl acetate. Caffeic acid: rosmaric acid. Flavonoids.

87
Q

Mentha piperita actions

A

Spasmolytic, carminitive, anti-emetic, counter irritant, antimicrobial, nervine

88
Q

Mentha piperita family and parts used

A

family: Lamiaceae

parts used: Oil extracted from aerial parts of the flowering plant, the dried leaves and flowering branch tips

89
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) indications

A

Topical: myalgia, neuralgia, arthritis
Internal: Dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite

90
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis CI

A

Pregnancy, epilepsy due to camphor inducing seizures

91
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis s/e’s

A

At toxic dosage, may lead to coma, spasm, vomiting and death

92
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis interactions

A

Potentiates doxorubicin and vinblastine

93
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis constituents

A

Caffeic acid derivatives: chief component Rosmarinic acid. Diterpenes (bitter), flavonoids, triterpenes. Volatile oil: camphor, limonene, borneol, cineole.

94
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis actions

A

Antimicrobial, hypertensive, circulatory stimulant, antioxidant, carminative. Rosemary oil improves circulation when applied externally.

95
Q

Zingiber officinalis (Ginger) indications

A

Loss of appetite, travel motion sickness even prophylactically, does peptic complaints. Ginger demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects and rheumatoid arthritis due to dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and the Lipo oxygenase. It also has the ability to inhibit the actions of prostaglandins.

96
Q

Zingiber officinalis CI

A

Some experts suggest that ginger should not be used in pregnancy during morning sickness or lactation. However there has been no clinical evidence that’s been found to substantiate any harmful effects to the mother or fetus. To be safe do not exceed 2 g per day during pregnancy. Because of its cholagogic effect, this herb should not be taken in the presence of gallstone conditions.
Ginger may inhibit thromboxane synthesis and should not be used in patients who are at risk for hemorrhage.

97
Q

Zingiber officinalis Interactions

A

Anticoagulants: concurrent use may result in increased risk of bleeding. Studies suggest that over 4 g of dried or 15 g of raw ginger root daily must be ingested in order to have an affect on blood coagulation.

98
Q

Zingiber officinalis s/e’s

A

Minor G.I. complaints such as gas, bloating and heartburn. Ginger can cause hypersensitivity reactions resulting in dermatitis.

99
Q

Zingiber officinalis constituents

A

Volatile oils: zingiberene and arcurcumene, alpha-farnesene. Gingerol, shogaol. Starch.

100
Q

Zingiber officinalis actions

A

Warming stimulating tonic, carminative, anti-emetic, rubefacient, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory.

101
Q

Zingiber officinalis Family and parts used

A

Family: Zingiberaceae

Parts used: Medicinal parts is the root

102
Q

How many demulcents are there in the gastrointestinal system? Name them.

A 
There are four.
Althea officinalis (Marshmallow, Sweet weed, Althea)
Cannabis sativa (marijuana)
Linum usitatissimum (Linseed, Flax)
Ulmus species (Umus rubra, Slippery elm)
103
Q

Althea officinalis indications

A

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa; oral and pharyngeal irritation

104
Q

Althea officinalis CI

A

Profuse catarrh or congestion of mucous membranes in respiratory conditions

105
Q

Althea officinalis s/e’s

A

None

106
Q

Althea officinalis interactions

A

Concurrent use may result in impaired drug absorption. Administration of marshmallow should be separated by at least two hours from that of other orally administered drugs

107
Q

Althea officinalis constituents

A

Mucilages: mixture soluble polysaccharides (galacturonic rhamnans, arabinogalactancs, arabans and glucans. Pectins and starches.

108
Q

Althea officinalis actions

A

Demulcent, emollient, vulnerary, anti-inflammatory

109
Q

Althea officinalis Family and parts used

A

family: Malvaceae

Parts used: Root, leaves, flowers and syrup

110
Q

Cannibis sativa (Marijuana) Indications

A

Dronabinol (Marinol) is used as an appetite stimulant in the treatment of AIDS related anorexia and as an anti-emetic for chemotherapy induced vomiting. In the 19 century, Indian hemp was described as having a euphoric effect used for insomnia, neuralgia, painful rheumatism, painful G.I. disorders, tetanus, epilepsy, acute bronchitis and asthma

111
Q

Cannibis sativa CI

A

use of Dronabinol is contraindicated in patients whose nausea and vomiting is due to reasons other than chemotherapy. Not to be used during pregnancy (category C). Breast-feeding. Personal or family history of schizophrenia. Heavy, prolonged use by smoking. Do not operate motor vehicle with an eight hours of use.

112
Q

Cannibis sativa s/e’s

A

Dizziness, euphoria, laughing fits, paranoid reaction, somnolence, and abnormal thinking. Caution is advised of canvases use with CNS depressant drugs. Giatric patients are more sensitive to the CNS effects than younger individuals.
Contamination: non-pharmaceutical cannabis may be contaminated with the fungus aspergillus. This may be hazardous to patients with compromised immune systems or fungal infections.
Repiratory: Long term smoking of cannabis has been associated with chronic respiratory symptoms such a sore throat, rhinitis, bronchitis, and increase respiratory tract retention of tar.

113
Q

Cannibis sativa interactions

A

Concurrent use of sildenafil may result in cardiovascular adverse affects including myocardial infarction. Avoid using with CNS depressants. Concurrent use with ethanol may result in increased intoxication.

114
Q

Cannibis sativa constituents

A

Cannabinoids: chief active agent nine tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC). Volatile or oils, flavonoids

115
Q

Cannibis sativa actions

A

Analgesic, sedative, anti-emetic, psychoactive. Anti-inflammatory, hypotensive

116
Q

Cannibis sativa Family and parts used

A

Family: Moraceae/cannabinaceae

Parts used: Twig tips of the female flowers, with either flowers or fruit attached

117
Q

Linum usitatissimum (linseed, flax) indications

A

Constipation, G.I. irritation, nutritive (EFAs, lignans). Hormone imbalance, breast cancer.

118
Q

Linum usitatissimum CI

A

Ileus (intestinal obstruction) of any origin; stricture of the esophagus, acute inflammatory illnesses of the intestine, esophagus and stomach entrance.

119
Q

Linum usitatissimum s/e’s

A

None. The oil should never be heated as it becomes mutagenic. The oil contained within the seed is perishable and must be protected during processing, and also during handling and storage. Keep out of direct light and in refrigerator to preserve it.

120
Q

Linum usitatissimum interactions

A

Flaxseed contains mucilage and cellulose, so absorption of other drugs taken simultaneously may be delayed.

121
Q

Linum usitatissimum constituents

A

mucilages: arabinoxylans, galactans, rhamnogalacturonans. Cyanogenic glycosides. Fatty oil: Linoleic acid, oleic acid. Proteins. Lignans.

122
Q

Linum usitatissimum pharmacology

A

Flaxseed has laxative effects arising from increase volume and consequent initiation of intestinal peristalsis from stimulation of stretch receptors. Flaxseed oil is the richest known source of omega-3 fatty acids and lignins. Omega-3 fatty acids suppress the production of interleukin tumor necrosis factor and leukotriene B4 from monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Flaxseeds lignins have shown antineoplastic effects based on in vitro and animal research. Lignins are anti-mycotic, anti-oxidative and anti-estrogenic.

123
Q

Linum usitatissimum actions

A

Demulcent, emollient, laxative, antitussive, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic

124
Q

Linum usitatissimum family and parts used

A

Family: Linaceae

Parts used: Oil extracted from the seeds, dry ripe seeds

125
Q

Ulmus species (Ulmus rubra- Slippery elm) Indications

A

Primary indications for slippery elm is the treatment of irritated and inflamed mucus membranes such as the lining of the throat and digestive tract. Used externally as a poultice, it is used to expedite healing of wounds, burns, swollen glands by soothing the inflammation.

126
Q

Ulmus species CI

A

None

127
Q

Ulmus species s/e’s

A

None

128
Q

Ulmus species Interactions

A

Taking iron and slippery elm together may affect iron absorption due to the tannins. For now, patients who need iron supplementation should take it separately and a two hour span.

129
Q

Ulmus species constituents

A

Polysaccharides, mucilage, tannins

130
Q

Ulmus species pharmacology

A

Slippery elm contains large amounts of mucilage, which will coat the surface of the mucous membranes or surface of wounds and sores when it comes in contact with water

131
Q

Ulmus species actions

A

Demulcent, astringent, anti-inflammatory

132
Q

Ulmus species family and parts used

A

Family: Ulmaceae

Parts used: Dried inner rind separated from the outer bark

133
Q

how many G.I. regulator herbs or list it? Name them.

A 
Aloe vera
Cassia augustifolia (Senna)
Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple, American mandrake)
Rhamnus frangula (Frangula)
Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara sagrada)
Ricinis communis (Castor bean plant, Castor oil plant)
Rumex crispus (Yellow dock)
134
Q

Aloe vera indications

A

Topical: Burns, wounds, frost bite, ulcerations, stretch marks, warts, varicose veins
Internal: Gastritis, IBD, peptic ulcer, interstitial or infectious cystitis

135
Q

Aloe vera CI

A

3rd degree burns, deep and/or infected wounds, wounds healing by secondary intention.

136
Q

Aloe vera s/e’s

A

Very safe herb, but may cause diarrhea and/or cramping

137
Q

Aloe vera interactions

A

Additive hypoglycemic effect with glyburide

Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to action of polysaccharides

138
Q

Aloe vera constituents

A

Anthracene derivatives, 2 alkylchromones, favonoids

139
Q

Aloe vera actions

A

Inflammation and immune modulator, vulnerary, demulcent

140
Q

Aloe vera family and parts used

A

Family: Liliaceae

Parts used: Dried juice of the leaves

141
Q

Cassia augustifolia (Senna) Indications

A

Constipation

142
Q

Cassia augustifolia CI

A

Not to be administered in the presence of intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory intestinal disease or appendicitis

143
Q

Cassia augustifolia s/e’s

A

Acute G.I. cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli (benign reversible pigmentation of the wall of the colon) diarrhea (leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hematuria, albuminuria, builds dependency), uterus reflex leads to contraction, miscarriage.

144
Q

Cassia augustifolia Interactions

A

Avoid hypokalemia drugs: diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethosone), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, Convallaria, Digitalis, Leonarus), anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propranolol, amiodarone), pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza
Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to increased transit time

145
Q

Cassia augustifolia constituents

A

Anthracene derivatives, naphthacene derivatives

146
Q

Cassia augustifolia pharmacology

A

Senna is an anthranoid-type of stimulating laxative. The laxative effect is by inhibition of water and electrolyte absorption from the large intestine, which increases the volume and pressure of the intestinal contents. This will stimulate colon motility resulting in propulsive contractions.

147
Q

Cassia augustifolia family and parts used

A

Family: Fabaceae

Parts used: Leaves, fruit and flowers

148
Q

Podophyllum peltatum indications

A

Approved for warts (poultice, lotion, ointment). Constipation, cancer

149
Q

Podophyllum peltatum CI

A

Pregnancy. Gallstones, GI irritation

150
Q

Podophyllum peltatum side effects

A

Irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Drug should be taken internally–severe abdominal pain, bloody-watery diarrhea, vomiting of liquid bile, dizziness, headache, spasms, collapse and death through respiratory failure.

151
Q

Podophyllum peltatum constituents

A

Podophyllin, lignans

152
Q

Podophyllum peltatum actions

A

Purgative (not used anymore due to cytotoxicity), antitumor

153
Q

Podophyllum peltatum Family and parts used

A

Family: Berberidaceae

Parts used: Dried rhizome and the resin extracted from it

154
Q 
Rhamnus frangula (Frangula)
Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara sagrada) Indications
A

Constipation

155
Q

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnus purshiana CI

A

Not to be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding.Intestinal obstruction. Children younger than 12. Do not use for over 1-2 weeks.

156
Q

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnus purshiana s/e’s

A

Acute GI cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea (leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hematuria, albuminuria, builds dependency).

157
Q

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnus purshiana Interactions

A

Avoid hypokalemic drugs: Diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethosone), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, Convallaria, Digitalis, Leonarus), anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propanolol, amiodarone), pseudoephedrine, Glycyrrhiza.
Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to increased transit time

158
Q

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnus purshiana constituents

A

Antracene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives: naphthoquinones. Peptide alkaloids (traces): frangulanine.

159
Q

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnus purshiana pharmacology

A

Anthracene derivatives induce active secretions of electrolytes and water in the intestinal lumen and inhibit the absorption of electrolytes and water from the colon by stimulating propulsive contractions. The increased water and subsequent volume of the intestinal content raise pressure and stimulate intestinal peristalsis.

160
Q

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnus purshiana actions

A

Laxative, cathartic, emetic, bitter

161
Q

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnus purshiana family and parts used

A

Family: Rhamnaceae

Parts used: Dried bark of the trunk branches

162
Q

Ricinis communis (castor bean plant, castor oil plant) Indications

A

Constipation. the oil is also used externally for inflammatory skin dosrders, furnuncles, carbuncles and abscesses

163
Q

Ricinis communis CI

A

Topical: use over large areas of broken skin
Internal: Use beyond 10 days, bulimia, intestinal obstruction, spastic constipation, acute GI inflammation, unknown abdominal pain, under 12 years of age, pregnant, lactating

164
Q

Ricinis communis s/e’s

A

An excess of Castro oil consumption: acute G.I. cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea (leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hematuria albuminuria, builds dependency).
With castor being poisoning, the Ricinus lechtins disturb the function of ribosomes and thereby prevent proteins synthesis. 12 castor beans are about the amount to kill an adult. Symptoms of ricin poisoning our colon severe gastroenteritis with bloody vomiting bloody diarrhea kidney inflammation loss of electrolytes convulsions and death due to hypovolemic shock. Treat with IV diazepam with generous fluids and electrolytes substitution and possible acidosis with sodium by carbonate infusions.

165
Q

Ricinis communis interactions

A

Avoid hypokalemic drugs: Diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethosone), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, Convallaria, Digitalis, Leonarus), anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propanolol, amiodarone), psuedoephedrine, GLycyrrhiza.
Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to increased transit time

166
Q

Ricinis communis constituents

A

Fatty oil, proteic substances, lectins: recin D (RCA-60 - severely toxic, RCA-120 –less toxic), pyridine alkaloids, tocopherols (vitamin E). Triglycerides: chief fatty acids- ricinoleic acid.

167
Q

Ricinis communis pharmacology

A

Laxative principle of Castor oil is the ricinoleic acid. Ricinoleic acid is anti-absorptive and secretogogic. Castor beans are severely poisonous due to the toxic lectin content.

168
Q

Ricinis communis actions

A

Laxative, purgative (bowel movement in 3-5 hours after ingestion)

169
Q

Ricinis communis family and parts used

A

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Parts used: Oil extracted from the seeds, the fat extracted from the oil

170
Q

Rumex crispus (yellow dock) Indications

A

Mild constipation, sluggish digestion, liver constipation. The plant has traditionally used as a decoction for scurvy and other skin eruptions, and as a blood cleanser

171
Q

Rumex crispus CI

A

GI irritation, history of kidney disease and oxalates

172
Q

Rumex crispus s/e’s

A

Acute GI cramping, colic, harmless red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea, (leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hematuria, albuminuria, builds dependency).

173
Q

Rumex crispus interactions

A

Avoid hypokalemic drugs: diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, Convallaria, Digitalis, Leonarus), anti-arrhytmics (atenolol, propanol, amiodarone), pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza.
Theoretical: reduce absorption of drugs due to increased transit time

174
Q

Rumex crispus constituents

A

oxalates: oxalic acid. Tannins, flavonoids: quercetin. Anthracene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives

175
Q

Rumex crispus actions

A

Laxative, hepatoprotective

176
Q

Rumex crispus family and parts used

A

Family: polygonaceae

Parts used: Fresh and dried roots

NPLEX2 Botanicals (12 decks)

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