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NPLEX2 Botanicals > Botanicals - CNS > Flashcards

Botanicals - CNS Flashcards

1
Q

How many botanical listed for the CNS for NPLEX 2? How many can you name?

A 
There are 21 CNS botanicals listed.
Aconitum napellus
Atropa belladonna
Avena sativa
Bacopa monnieri
Centella asiatica
Datura stramonium
Eschscholzia californica
Gelesemium sempervirens
Humulus lupulus
Hyoscyamus niger
Hypericum perforatum
Matricaria recutita
Melissa officinalis
Passiflora incarnata
Piper methysticum
Piscidia erythrina
Pulsatilla vulgaris
Rhodiola rosea
Scutellaria lateriflora
Tanacetum parthenium
Valeriana officinalis
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2
Q

Aconitum napellus indications

A

Neuralgia (trigeminal, intercostal); fever, chills

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3
Q

Aconitum napellus contraindications

A

Pregnancy, lactation

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4
Q

Aconitum napellus side effects

A

Highly toxic; tingling of the mouth, fingers and toes which then spreads. Body temperature decreases quickly and vomiting, diarrhea and urination.

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5
Q

Aconitum napellus constituents

A

Tropane alkaloids, benzacoine, Nor-diterpene alkaloids; aconitine, hypaconitine

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6
Q

Aconitum napellus actions

A

Sensory and motor depressant, sedative; antipyretic

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7
Q

Aconitum napellus pharmacology

A

Aconitine raises membrane permeability for sodium ions and slows repolarization. Aconitine is initially stimulating, and then causes paralysis and motor and sensitive nerve endings, and in the CNS. In smaller doses it triggers bradycardia and hypotension; in higher doses it has at first a positive ionatropic affect, followed by tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. Di-ester alkaloids when applied topically has an itchiness or burning a fact, followed by an analgesic effect. It has an anti-febrile affect

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8
Q

Atropa Belladonna (belladonna, Devil’s cherries) Indications

A

Liver and gallbladder complaints, any smooth muscle complaints

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9
Q

Atropa Belladonna Contraindications

A

Long term use or high doses, BPH, urinary retention, prostate cancer, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed angle glaucoma, G.I. stenosis, megacolon, pregnancy, lactation, children.

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10
Q

Atropa Belladonna Interactions

A

Potentiates anticholinergic drugs: atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium, bromide, tolterodine; tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline)

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11
Q

Atropa Belladonna side effects

A

Hyperthermia, flushed face, dry mucous membranes, mydryiasis, blurred vision, giddiness, loquacity, delirium, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sleepiness, hallucinations, dysphagia, convulsions, coma, death.

Hot as a hair, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter

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12
Q

Atropa Belladonna Constituents

A

Tropane alkaloids: Atropine (DL-hyoscyamine), L-scopolamine, atropine

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13
Q

Atropa Belladonna actions

A

Anti-spasmodic, parasympathetic depressant, vasoconstrictor, smooth muscle inhibitor, bronchodilator

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14
Q

Atropa Belladonna pharmacology

A

Tropane alkaloids are anticholinergic parasympatholytic, spasmolytic, positive dromotropic and chronotropic effect. A TROPA belladonna act as parasympatholytic or anticholinergic through competitive antagonism of the neuromuscular transmitter acetylcholine. It target smooth muscle and CNS. It can have relaxation of organs with smooth muscles and relieve spastic conditions like the G.I. tract and bile ducts. It has been used in folklore medicine for its hallucinogenic effect.

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15
Q

Avena sativa oats indication

A

Internal: nervousness, acute and chronic anxiety, nicotine / opiate withdrawal, rheumatism, insomnia
external: anodyne for irritated or inflamed skin, eczema; soak rolled oats in cold water, squeeze and strain through cloth and add to bathwater example Aveeno, or apply to the skin.

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16
Q

Avena sativa Contra indications

A

People with celiac disease should avoid oats

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17
Q

Avena sativa constituents

A

Starch 60%, saccharo-mucilaginous (11%) albumin, fiber and moisture

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18
Q

Avena sativa actions

A

Nutritive, nervine and mild sedative

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19
Q

Avena sativa pharmacology

A

Beta glucan (oat gum) will increase food viscosity, peak postprandial glucose. It increases stool weight and stool fax creation through increased bile excretion and decreasing blood lipids

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20
Q

Avena sativa interactions

A

Statins: oat bran may impair absorption and effectiveness of HMG – CoA reductase inhibitors. Administer oat brand two hours before or 4 to 6 hours after an HMG – CoA reductase inhibitor

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21
Q

bacopa monnieri indications

A

Cognition, anxiety, epilepsy, poor memory

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22
Q

bacopa monnieri Contra indications

A

N/A

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23
Q

bacopa monnieri interactions

A

N/A

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24
Q

bacopa monnieri Side effects

A

Possible palpitations, nausea, dry mouth, thirst

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25
Q

bacopa monnieri constituents

A

Triterpenoid saponins

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26
Q

bacopa monnieri actions

A

Antioxidant and neuroprotective. In animal studies, it inhibits acetylcholinesterase, activates choline acetyltransferase, and increases cerebral blood flow

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27
Q

Cameilla sinensis (green tea) indications

A

There is clinical evidence that is useful as a cancer preventative and as a preventative for dental carries. It can also be used to increase physical performance.

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28
Q

Cameilla sinensis (green tea) Contra indications

A

Caution should be taken with patients with weakened cardiovascular system, renal disease, thyroid hyper function, spastic disorders and psychological disorders such as anxiety, irritability, insomnia, vertigo. It is not recommended that pregnant women drink green tea due to the caffeine content, or avoid large contents of it. Mothers who are breast-feeding should avoid green tea as it might cause sleep disorders in infants.

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29
Q

Cameilla sinensis (green tea) interactions

A

Concurrent use of green tea may result in reduced anticoagulant effectiveness

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30
Q

Cameilla sinensis (green tea) Side effects

A

G.I. irritation, reduction of appetite, constipation or diarrhea due to intense tea consumption. These side effects can be generally avoided by the addition of milk (reduction of cholorgenic acid and other tannins).

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31
Q

Cameilla sinensis (green tea) constituents

A

Purine alkaloids, (caffeine, theobromine), caffeic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid), catechinds, volatile oil.

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32
Q

Cameilla sinensis (green tea) actions

A

Anti-tumor, antimicrobial, stimulant, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant

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33
Q

Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) indications

A

Nervousness, poor memory; epilepsy. Venous insufficiency.

External: inflamed skin, ulcers, psoriasis, snake bite poultice.

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34
Q

Centella asiatica Contra indications

A

Not to be used during pregnancy

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35
Q

Centella asiatica Side effects

A

skin irritation (topical), photosensitization, caution with diabetes or hyper lipidemia as it may increase blood glucose and lipids. Possible infertility.

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36
Q

Centella asiatica constituents

A

Triterpene acids

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37
Q

Centella asiatica actions

A

Nervine, antipyretic

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38
Q

Datura stramonium (jimson weed) indications

A

Not recommended due to a non-standardize jimson weed products that have varying inconsistent alkaloid Contant. In folk medicine, it has been used for asthma, convulsive cough, pertussis during bronchitis and influenza, for severe catarrh as an expectorant

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39
Q

Datura stramonium Contra indications

A

Glaucoma, pregnancy (absolute contraindication), anti-cholinergic drugs, tricyclic antidepressants

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40
Q

Datura stramonium interactions

A

Potentiates anticholinergic drugs: atropine bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine; tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline)

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41
Q

Datura stramonium Side effects

A

Hyperthermia, flushed face, dry mucous membranes, mydriasis, blurred vision, getting us, loquacity, delirium, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sleepiness, hallucinations, dysphasia, convulsions,, death
Hot as a hair, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter

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42
Q

Datura stramonium constituents

A

Tropane alkaloids: daturine, atropine, hyosine, scopolamine

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43
Q

Datura stramonium actions

A

Sedative, anti-spasmodic

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44
Q

Datura stramonium pharmacology

A

Tropane alkaloids have anticholinergic and parasympatholytic properties (see belladonna); scopolamine fraction is more responsible for this effect

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45
Q

Eschscholzia californica (california poppy) indications

A

California poppy is used as a sedative hypnotic for children, especially in cases of overexcitement and sleeplessness.

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46
Q

Eschscholzia californica Contra indications

A

Pregnancy, lactation

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47
Q

Eschscholzia californica interactions

A

May potentiate MAOi’s (phenelzine), SSRI’s (fluoxetine)

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48
Q

Eschscholzia californica Side effects

A

Addictive

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49
Q

Eschscholzia californica Constituents

A

Alkaloids, flavone glycosides

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50
Q

Eschscholzia californica actions

A

Nervine, hypnotic, anti-spasmodic, anodyne

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51
Q

Gelsemium sempverirens (Yellow Jasmine) indications

A

Ovarian cyst pain, topical two OS to induce labor, insomnia, fever, nervous on rust, headache, convulsions, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, asthma.

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52
Q

Gelsemium sempverirens Contra indications

A

Hypotension, myasthenia gravis, pregnancy (uterine stimulant), respiratory or cardiac disease.

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53
Q

Gelsemium sempverirens interactions

A

May potentiate aspirin

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54
Q

Gelsemium sempverirens Side effects

A

Initially double vision, dryness of the mouth, swallowing difficulties, vomiting. Can progress to headache, dizziness, loss of speech ability, pupil enlargement, trembling of the limbs, paralysis of muscles, cyanosis, shortness of breath, coma. Not typically used anymore, mostly homeopathic

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55
Q

Gelsemium sempverirens constituents

A

Indole alkaloids, gelsemine, gelsemicine, sempervirine; hydroxycoumarins: scopoletin

56
Q

Gelsemium sempverirens actions

A

Stimulates and depressants in neural function; anti-spasmodic, cardio Saturday off

57
Q

Gelsemium sempverirens pharmacology

A

Inhibition of cholinesterase; cardiac circulatory affects (vasodilation, hypotensive); bronchodilation; affect smooth muscles, analgesic effect, as well as mydriasis in animal studies.

58
Q

Humulus lupulus (Hops) indications

A

Mood disturbances: agitation, anxiety, nervousness and restlessness. Insomnia. Can be used as a bitter to stimulate the appetite and increase the secretion of gastric juices. Studies have shown it does have the potential for prevention or treatment of menopause, but lack randomized, double blind placebo trials.

59
Q

Humulus lupulus Contra indications

A

Sedative effect will worsen symptoms of individuals with depression. Not to be used during pregnancy because of anti-spasmodic activity in the uterus

60
Q

Humulus lupulus Side effects

A

Nausea, headache

61
Q

Humulus lupulus Constituents

A

Acylphloroglucinols (10%), alpha-biter acids, beta bitter acids (humulone), volatile oils (2-methyl-but-3-en-ol).

62
Q

Humulus lupulus actions

A

Sedative nervine, digestive better, cholagogue, mild laxative

63
Q

Humulus lupulus pharmacology

A

Humulone inhibit Gram + and Gram- bacteria, som efungi/yeast. 2-methyl-but-3-en-ol has a sedative effect.

64
Q

Humulus lupulus interactions

A

Hobbs may potentiate the sedative hypnotic effect of barbiturates example phenobarbital

65
Q

Hyosyamus niger (henbane) indications

A

Dyspeptic complaints, spasms. Cough. Nervous irritability, unrest, insomnia, delirium.

66
Q

Hyosyamus niger Contra indications

A

Tachycardic arrhythmias, prosthetic adenoma, angle closure glaucoma, mechanical stenosis and G.I. tract, megacolon.

67
Q

Hyosyamus niger interactions

A

Potentiates anticholinergic drugs: atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine; tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline), Amantadine

68
Q

Hyosyamus niger Side effects

A

Dryness, nausea, proper password tachycardia, vertigo, mydriasis, hallucinations, salivation, coma, death by asphyxiation

69
Q

Hyosyamus niger constituents

A

Tropane alkaloids: hyosyamine, atropine, scopolamine, flavonoids (rutin), fatty oils

70
Q

Hyosyamus niger actions

A

Sedative, hypnotic, anti-spasmodic

71
Q

Hyosyamus niger pharmacology

A

It causes a parasympatholytic or anticholinergic affected by competitively inhibiting acetylcholine. This inhibition affects the muscarinic action of acetylcholine but not it’s nicotine like effects on motor and plates. It also fffects the autonomic nervous system and on smooth muscle (G.I. track) as well as the central nervous system (tremors).

72
Q

Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) indications

A

Depression, anxiety. Inflammation of the skin, wounds and burns. Blunt injuries.

73
Q

Hypericum perforatum CI

A

Suicidal ideation, high doses and pregnancy

74
Q

Hypericum perforatum s/e

A

High doses with exposure to UV light causes photosensitivity rash, alopecia, diarrhea, indigestion, fatigue, depression, elevated liver enzymes.

75
Q

Hypericum perforatum interactions

A 
Similar action to benzodiazepines (alprazolam, diazepam), tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline), May cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs (fluoxetine), used to wean patients off MAOI's (phenelzine).
Potentiates antiretrovirals (zidovudine), antagonizes theophylline, cyclosporine, digoxin, warfarin, induces CYP 450 3A4.
76
Q

Hypericum perforatum constituents

A

Volatile oil; naphthodianthones (hypericin), phloroglucinols (hyperforin); catechins; pro anthocyanidins; flavonoids (rutin).

77
Q

Hypericum perforatum actions

A

Anti-inflammatory, astringent, Vulnerary, nervine, antimicrobial

78
Q

Hypericum perforatum pharmacology

A

Comparable to try cyclic and SSRI, but with fewer side effects. Dose is dependent on inhibition of reuptake for Noradrenaline and serotonin (5 – HTP) at presynaptic axon membrane. Hyperforin may increase serotonin, lower cortisol and act on GABA receptors. Has antibacterial and antiviral effects. Suppresses inflammation and leukocyte infiltration of wounds.

79
Q

Matricaria recutita Indications

A

Atopic dermatitis, skin ulcer, wounds, nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leukorrhea, infant colic, gas, gastritis, gastroenteritis, IBD, smooth muscle spasm, fever, peridontal disease, gingivitis, insomnia, anxiety, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis.

80
Q

Matricaria recutita CI

A

Allergy or sensitivity to chamomile; should not be used in pregnancy

81
Q

Matricaria recutita s/e’s

A

Allergic reaction in high doses (allergic conjunctivitis and contact dermatitis). There has been one case of anaphylactic reaction that has been reported.

82
Q

Matricaria recutita Interactions

A

May potentiate sedatives: anti-histamines (diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine), barbiturates (phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (alprazolam, diazepam), opiates (codeine, hydrocodeine, morphine, oxycodeine, methadone), trazodone, zolpidem.
Theoretical: decrease drug absorption due to increased gut motility

83
Q

Matricaria recutita constituents

A

Volatile oil (alpha bisabolol); coumarins; flavonoids; (apigenin); azulenes; polysaccharides

84
Q

Matricaria recutita actions

A

Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, Volnerary, anti-emetic, carminative, spasmolytic, diaphoretic, hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine.

85
Q

Matricaria recutita pharmacology

A

Alpha-bisabolol has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, decreases stomach ulcer healing time and prevents their genesis from aspirin, alcohol, and stress. Coumarins and flavonoids relax smooth muscle. Polysaccharide stimulate beta lymphocytes and macrophages activity.

86
Q

Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) indications

A

Nervousness and insomnia–herbal tranquilizer for autonomic nervous system problems as it acts on the limbic system.
Cardiac problems associated with nervousness and depression (tachycardia, palpitations). Dyspepsia from anxiety, depression, relieves spasmatic stomach, colic
Topical: cream and bath help relieve skin irritations

87
Q

Melissa officinalis constituents

A

Volatile oil: citronella, Citral, GERANIOL;

Caffeic acid derivatives: rosemaric acid, flavonoids

88
Q

Melissa officinalis actions

A

Limbic sedative, anti-spasmodic, carminative

89
Q

Passiflora incarnata (passion flower) Indicaitons

A

Insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, spasms, convulsions, nervous palpitations and tachycardia

90
Q

Passiflora incarnata CI

A

Pregnancy, uterine stimulant (harmane, harmaline)

91
Q

Passiflora incarnata interactions

A

May potentiate SSRIs (fluoxetine), MAOI’s phenelzine), sedatives: anti-histamines (diphenhydramine hydroxyzine), barbiturates (phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (alprazolam, diazepam), opiates (codeine, hydrocodeine, morphine, oxycodone, methadone), trazondone, zolpidem

92
Q

Passiflora incarnata constituents

A

Flavonoids, alkaloids (harmane, harmaline), cynogenic glycoside (gynocardine), volatile oil.

93
Q

Passiflora incarnata actions

A

Nervine, sedative, anti-spasmodic

94
Q

Passiflora incarnata pharmacology

A

Passionflower contains glycosides that have hypotensive effects and stimulates respiration.

95
Q

Piper methysticum (kava kava) Indications

A

Nervous anxiety and stress; restlessness, tension and agitation. Neuralgia (facial, trigeminal, toothache).

96
Q

Piper methysticum CI

A

kavalactones enter breastmilk. Not to be used during pregnancy., Is contraindicated in patients with endogenous depression because it may increase the danger of suicide.

97
Q

Piper methysticum s/e’s

A

Hepatotoxicity, addictive, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers, vomiting, unconsciousness

98
Q

Piper methysticum interactions

A

Potentiates antipsychotics (risperidone), benzodiazepines (alprazolam, diazepam)

99
Q

Piper methysticum constituents

A

Kava lactones (kava pyrones): kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, yangonine, diihydromethysticin).

100
Q

Piper methysticum actions

A

Skeletal muscle relaxant, antispasmodic; sedative, and anxiolytic

101
Q

Piper methysticum pharmacology

A

Kavas analgesic effect is due to inhibition on cyclooxygenase COX enzyme two. The analgesic action of kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin and dihydromethysticin is due to anti-nociceptive activities. Kava pyrones inhibit the limbic system that can affect mild generalized anxiety disorder, but not moderate to severe anxiety. Kava pyrones inhibits sodium ion currents giving a muscle relaxant properties.

102
Q

Piscidia erythrina (Jamaican dogwood) Indications

A

Anxiety, fear and as a daytime sedative. myalgia, spasms.

103
Q

Piscidia erythrina CI

A

Pregnancy at high doses

104
Q

Piscidia erythrina interactions

A

May potentiate sedatives: anti-histamines (diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine), barbiturates (phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (alprazolam diazepam, opiates codeine, hydrocodone morphine oxycodone methadone), trazodone, zolpidem.

105
Q

Piscidia erythrina se’s

A

At high doses, nausea, vomiting, salivation, diaphoresis, hyporeflexia, bradycardia, mydriasis, depressed consciousness, convulsions, respiratory depression, heart failure, death.

106
Q

Piscidia erythrina constituents

A

Isoflavonoids: jamaicine, ichythynone, tannins; rotenones: lisetin, piscidone

107
Q

Pulsatilla vulgaris (Pulsatilla, Wind flower, Pasque flower) Indications

A

Pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, leukorrhea, insomnia, nervousness, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, asthma, indigestion, IBS

108
Q

Pulsatilla vulgaris CI

A

Pregnancy

109
Q

Pulsatilla vulgaris s/e’s

A

Extended skin contact with freshly harvested plant (protoanemonin) known is severely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes and can lead to blister formation. If taken internally, severe irritation to the G.I. tract (burning of mouth, throat, salivation, nausea and vomiting), colic and diarrhea.

110
Q

Pulsatilla vulgaris constituents

A

Saponin; anemonin, protoanemonin

111
Q

Pulsatilla vulgaris actions

A

Nervine, sedative, and emmenagogue

112
Q

Pulsatilla vulgaris pharmacology

A

Protoanemonin and anemonin have antipyretic effect. Protoanemonin is a strong local irritant to the mucus membranes and skin.

113
Q

Rhodiola rosea (Rhodiola) Indications

A

Traditionally used to increase physical endurance, work productivity, longevity, resistance to high altitude sickness. It’s also used to treat fatigue, depression, anemia, impotence, G.I. ailments, infections and nervous system disorders. Rhodiola is most indicated for relieving mental and physical fatigue and improving endurance exercise performance and general well-being.

114
Q

Rhodiola rosea CI

A

Do not prescribe in patients who are manic

115
Q

Rhodiola rosea s/e’s

A

Rhodiola has an activating, anti-depressant affect, so it should not be used in individuals with bipolar disorder who are vulnerable to becoming manic when given with antidepressants or stimulants. Rhodiola is not linked to any serious side effects. It should be taken early during the day because it can interfere with sleep or cause vivid dreams during the initial few weeks.

116
Q

Rhodiola rosea interactions

A

It may have an additive affect when taken with stimulants

117
Q

Rhodiola rosea constituents

A

Flavonoids, ligaments, monoterpene glycosides

118
Q

Rhodiola rosea pharmacology and actions

A

Affects the central nervous system; adaptogenic, anti-stress and Neuro endocrine effects, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective.

119
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora (Skullcap) Indications

A

Insomnia, anxiety, pain, nervousness, headache, delirium, seizures, irregular arrhythmias, fasciculations

120
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora CI

A

N/A

121
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora Adverse reactions / Toxicity

A

Tremors, hepatotoxicity from adulteration

122
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora constituents

A

Flavonoids, tannins, iridoid glycosides, volatile oils

123
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora actions

A

Hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne, nervine, spasmolytic, anticonvulsant

124
Q

Tanacetum parthenium (Feverfew) Indications

A

Migraine headache, digestive problems, rheumatoid arthritis, irregular menstruation.
External: topical antiseptic, anodyne for toothache; Pyrethrin is natural insecticide used by gardener’s

125
Q

Tanacetum parthenium CI

A

Pregnancy high doses may cause uterine contractions, Asteraceae pollen allergy

126
Q

Tanacetum parthenium Interactions

A

May antagonize analgesia of morphine. May potentiate blood thinners (Coumadin, warfarin).

127
Q

Tanacetum parthenium s/e’s

A

May have blood thinning effect

128
Q

Tanacetum parthenium constituents

A

volatile oil: L-camphor, transchrysanthyl acetate
Sesquiterpene lactones: Parthenolide, 30beta-hydroxy-parthenolide, canin, artecanin, secotanopartholide A.
Flavonoids: tanetin, quercetin

129
Q

Tanacetum parthenium actions

A

Anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, bitter

130
Q

Tanacetum parthenium pharmacology

A

3-beta-hydroxy-parthenolide, canin, artecanin, secotanopartholide A contain an alpha-methylene butyrolactone unit responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. Parthenolide and chrysanthenyl acetate inhibit prostaglandin synthetase. Feverfew has been show to suppress 87% of prostaglandin production, but does not inhibit COX, all the actions of Feverfew’s components contribute to its reducing migraine effects through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, blocking platelet granule section and decreasing vascular smooth muscle spasm. It is also shown anti-tumor and mast-cell inhibitory activity.

131
Q

Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) Indications

A

Insomnia, anxiety, smooth muscle spasm, epilepsy

132
Q

Valeriana officinalis CI

A

Avoid in individuals with liver disease as hepatotoxic reactions

133
Q

Valeriana officinalis interactions

A

Do not mix with other hepatotoxic agents. Concurrent use with alcohol, opioid analgesics, barbiturates and benzodiazepines may result in increased central nervous system depression and sedation. Tannin content of valarian and make complex with concomitantly administered iron, possibly resulting in decreased iron absorption

134
Q

Valeriana officinalis s/e’s

A

Drowsiness, headache, vertigo, restlessness, insomnia Gerd, CNS paralysis

135
Q

Valeriana officinalis constituents

A

iridoids: Valepotriates, isovaltrate, isovaleroxyhydroxy, didrovaltrate
Volatile oils: Bornyl isovalerenate and isovalerenic acid
Sesquiterpenes: Valerenuc acid
Starch, gum resin, tannin iridoid

136
Q

Valeriana officinalis actions

A

Sedative, anodyne, spasmolytic

137
Q

Valeriana officinalis pharmacology

A

In vitro, Valerenic acid decreases the degradation of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). Animal studies have demonstrated an increase of GABA at the synaptic cleft via inhibition of reuptake and an increase in secretion of the neural transmitter. The increase of GABA concentration is one factor that may be responsible for the sedative properties of valerian root.

NPLEX2 Botanicals (12 decks)

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