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Green 2019 > Bordeaux > Flashcards

Bordeaux Flashcards

1
Q

What was Burdigala?

A

A Celtic settlement situated west of the Garrone River on a gravel terrace.

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2
Q

In what town/settlement was the Roman poet Ausonius born?

A

Burdigala

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3
Q

Which producer is recorded as the first single-estate wine in Bordeaux?

A

Haut-Brion

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4
Q

True/False: Malbec is indigenous to Bordeaux.

A

False.

It arrived in the region in 1730 from SW France

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5
Q

Give an early name for Malbec.

A

Pressac Noir

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6
Q

What event brought Bordeaux under English rule?

A

Eleanor of Aquitaine’s marriage to King Henry II

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7
Q

Who ordered the classification of Bordeaux in 1855?

A

Emperor Napoleon III

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8
Q

For what event was the 1855 Classification created?

A

Universal Exhibition in Paris

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9
Q

What catastrophe struck Bordeaux in 1869?

A

Phylloxera

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10
Q

In what year was the Cru Bourgeois Classification first defined? And eventually scrapped?

A

1932; 2008

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11
Q

What classification was formally recognized in 2002?

A

Cru Artisan Classification

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12
Q

Who was responsible for making the 1982 vintage a “breakout”?

A

Robert Parker

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13
Q

The first classification of St-Émilion happened in what year? When was the most recent?

A

1955; 2012

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14
Q

What 1st Growth château has opted to no longer sell wines “en primeur”?

A

Château Latour

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15
Q

Bordeaux experiences what major climate type?

A

Maritime

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16
Q

True/False: Bordeaux lacks a true dry season.

A

True.

It rains every month in the year.

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17
Q

How does the Atlantic Gulf Stream moderate Bordeaux’s climate?

A

It brings warm waters up from the Caribbean

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18
Q

Where does Bordeaux fall along the Winkler Scale?

A

Region II

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19
Q

What climatic feature is lacking in Bordeaux that is characteristic of Continental climates?

A

A prominent diurnal shift

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20
Q

Name the 2 sectors/regions of the Méodc. Which is further north?

A

Bas-Médoc, Haut-Médoc; Bas-Médoc

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21
Q

What manmade feature separates Graves from the Atlantic Ocean?

A

Landes Forest

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22
Q

From where are the soils in Graves derived?

A

Deposited by the Garonne River

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23
Q

What two rivers promote the growth of botrytis in Sauternes?

A

Ciron

Garonne

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24
Q

Apart from gravel, what other soil types are found in the Médoc?

A

Clay, sand, limestone

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25
Q

What is the most planted grape in Bordeaux?

A

Merlot

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26
Q

Name the prominent vine training/trellising system employed in Bordeaux.

A

Guyot (both simple and double)

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27
Q

On which side of the Gironde is Double Guyot more widely used?

A

Left Bank

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28
Q

On which side of the Gironde is simple/single Guyot more widely used?

A

Right Bank

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29
Q

For what style of wine is Cordon training used? Why?

A

Sweet wines

Produces smaller berries that attract botrytis

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30
Q

Why are vines trained higher on the Right Bank than on the Left Bank?

A

Being more inland, the Right Bank faces greater threat from frost. Training higher helps mitigate this problem.

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31
Q

Why is it beneficial to train vines lower on the Left Bank?

A

Late ripening grapes (like Cabernet Sauvignon) can benefit from the radiant heat from the gravelly/stoney soils

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32
Q

Name two producers in Bordeaux that have embraced biodynamics.

A

Ch. Pontet-Canet

Ch. Climens

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33
Q

Who created the “Bordeaux Mixture”?

A

Alexis Millardet

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34
Q

What components are found in the “Bordeaux Mixture”? Why is it used?

A

Copper sulfate, lime, water; to combat fungal diseases

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35
Q

Why are vines spaced further apart on the Right Bank than the Left Bank?

A

The Right Bank has shallow soils with impermeable limestone bedrock. Vine roots spread out instead of digging deep.

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36
Q

What region in Bordeaux has the lowest density of plantings?

A

Entre-Deux-Mers

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37
Q

What are some hazards posed by copper sprays/copper toxicity in soils?

A

Reduced vigor
Sulfide characteristics (if sprayed too close to harvest)
Incomplete/stuck fermentation
Browning, turbidity in wine

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38
Q

Peronospera is another name for what fungal disease?

A

Downy Mildew

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39
Q

Oidium is another name for what fungal disease?

A

Powdery Mildew

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40
Q

What is éclaircissage?

A

Green Harvest, or Vendange Verte

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41
Q

Give 2 reasons greenery might be stripped in the fruit zone after véraison.

A

Increase sunlight exposure on grapes

Better ventilation = less problems with humidity

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42
Q

Apart from hand sorting, what are two mechanical/automated means of sorting used in Bordeaux?

A

Optical

Density

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43
Q

True/False: De-stemming is rarely practiced.

A

False

De-stemming is common for red wines

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44
Q

True/False: Chaptalization is illegal in Bordeaux.

A

False

It is legal, though rarely practiced

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45
Q

Name 5 types of fermentation vessels found in Bordeaux.

A 
Large wooden vats
Stainless steel tanks
Epoxy-lined concrete tank
Naked cement vats
Barrique
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46
Q

What are two commonly used methods of Cap Management?

A

Remontage

Pigeage

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47
Q

Why is pigeage a more risky method of cap management?

A

Aerobic in nature

Risk over extraction w/ phenolic varietals

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48
Q

True/False: Most white Bordeaux wines undergo malolactic conversion.

A

False

It is rare for white, though common for reds

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49
Q

What is “racking”?

A

Removing clear wine from settled sediment/lees

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50
Q

Traditionally, how often is racking performed?

A

Every 3 months

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51
Q

What is the typical élevage period for Bordeaux blanc?

A

12-15 months

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52
Q

What is the typical élevage period for Bordeaux rouge?

A

18-24 months

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53
Q

What is the volume of a barrique?

A

225L

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54
Q

Most Bordeaux blancs see less that what percentage new oak?

A

50%

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55
Q

Name the 6 red grapes authorized for Bordeaux.

A 
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Franc
Merlot
Cot/Malbec
Petit Verdot
Carmenère
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56
Q

What are the 4 major white grapes used in Bordeaux?

A

Muscadelle
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Sémillon

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57
Q

Name 4 white accessory varietals encountered in Bordeaux.

A

Ugni Blanc
Merlot Blanc
Colombard
Mauzac

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58
Q

On what side of the Gironde are vine plantings more dense?

A

Left Bank

Médoc = 7,000 vines/ha

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59
Q

What is the common term for micro-bullage?

A

Micro-oxygenation

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60
Q

Who pioneered the use of micro-bullage?

A

Patrick Ducournieu

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61
Q

Describe the chemical process involved in micro-bullage.

A

Micro-amounts of oxygen are added to a wine during fermentation. Ethanol is converted into ethanal, which can then bind anthocyanins and tannins; color is stabilized, tannins are softened

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62
Q

What is cliquage?

A

Controlled oxygenation of wine in barrel

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63
Q

What are the two schools of though regarding assemblage?

A

Blend early to have wine ready for en primeur tastings

Keep components separate as long as possible to track individual development

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64
Q

When does bottling usually occur in Bordeaux?

A

April

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65
Q

True/False: AOC laws mandate the use of cork closures in Bordeaux.

A

False

Cork is used because of tradition

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66
Q

Give 3 possible sources for fruit used in Second Wines

A

Rejected lots from grand vin
Young vines lacking maturity
Vineyards developed specifically for 2nd wines

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67
Q

How does the oak treatment of a second wine compare with that of a grand vin?

A

Second wines see less oak

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68
Q

What appellation do sparkling wines from Bordeaux fall under?

A

Crémant de Bordeaux AOP

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69
Q

Wines labelled as “Bordeaux Haut Benage” are what style?

A

Dry whites

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70
Q

What styles of wine is produced under the Bordeaux Supérieur AOP?

A

Off-dry whites

Dry reds

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71
Q

What is the minimum residual sugar mandated for Bordeaux Supérieur AOP

A

17 g/l

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72
Q

True/False: Rosé wines under the Crémant de Bordeaux AOP may only be made from red grapes.

A

True

White grapes are not authorized for rosé production

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73
Q

The generic “Côtes de Bordeaux” appellation is authorized for what style of wine?

A

Dry reds

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74
Q

What geographic designations may be used with the Côtes de Bordeaux appellation?

A

Castillon
Cadillac
Blaye
Francs

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75
Q

Which geographic designation of the Côtes de Bordeaux appellation are authorized for white wines?

A

Blaye

Francs

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76
Q

Which geographic designation of the Côtes de Bordeaux AOP is authorized to produce sweet white wines?

A

Francs

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77
Q

What is the minimum residual sugar required for Côtes de Bordeaux-Francs?

A

51 g/l

78
Q

Liquoreux wines from Bordeaux must have a minimum acquired alcohol of _____%

A

12%

79
Q

What grapes are authorized for the Premières Côtes de Bordeaux appellation?

A

Muscadelle
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Sémillon

80
Q

What is the minimum residual sugar required for wine produced under Premières Côtes de Bordeaux AOP?

A

34 g/l

81
Q

What styles of wine are produced under the Côtes de Bordeaux-Saint-Macaire AOP?

A

Blanc (sec)
Blanc Moelleux
Blanc Liquoreux

82
Q

What appellation in Bordeaux has the highest minimum potential alcohol for still red wines?

A

Blaye AOP; 12%

83
Q

True/False: The “Haut-Benage” geographic indication may be used for both Bordeaux AOP and Entre-Deux-Mers AOP.

A

True

However, they have differing minimum potential alcohol and residual sugar requirements

84
Q

Which of the classic red Bordeaux varietals is not permitted Pomerol?

A

Carmenère

85
Q

What are the two primary white grapes of Côtes de Blaye AOP?

A

Colombard

Ugni Blanc

86
Q

Which two red Bordeaux varietals are not authorized for cultivation in Bourg AOP?

A

Carmenère

Petit Verdot

87
Q

Under what Bordeaux appellation is Mauzac an approved varietal?

A

Entre-Deux-Mers AOP

88
Q

What style of wine is produced under the Graves Supérieurs AOP?

A

Sweet whites (Liquoreux)

89
Q

What is the minimum residual sugar required for Graves Supérieurs AOP wines?

A

34 g/l

90
Q

True/False: Graves AOP and Pessac-Léognan AOP have the same encépagements for blanc and rouge wines.

A

True

91
Q

What styles of wine may be produced as Sainte-Foy-Bordeaux AOP

A

Dry whites (sec)
Semi-sweet whites (Moelleux)
Sweet whites (Liquoreux)
Dry reds

92
Q

What style of wine is not permitted under the Bordeaux-Saint-Macaire AOP?

A

Rouge

93
Q

Which 1st Growth is known for having more Merlot than Cabernet in their grand vin?

A

Château Haut-Brion

94
Q

What amendment was made to the 1855 Classification in 1856? Why did this happen?

A

Château Cantermerle was added as a 5th Growth;

It was mistakenly left out the first time.

95
Q

Name the château that disappeared from the 1855 Classification after being subsumed by another property. Name the purchaser as well.

A

Château Durbignon

Malescot-St-Exupery

96
Q

True/False: Accessory varietals under the Bordeaux AOP are also permitted in Graves AOP.

A

False

Only the 4 primary Bordeaux whites are permitted

97
Q

How many châteaux are recognized as Premiers Grands Crus Classés A? Name them.

A 
4
Angélus
Ausone
Cheval-Blanc
Pavie
98
Q

How many châteaux are recognized as Premiers Grands Crus Classés B?

A

14

99
Q

How many châteaux are recognized under the Cru Artisan Classification?

A

44

100
Q

How many châteaux are recognized as Grands Crus Classés in St-Émilion?

A

64

101
Q

What are “croupes”?

A

Hill made of gravel; typical to Médoc

102
Q

What is the northernmost commune of the Haut-Médoc?

A

Saint-Estèphe

103
Q

What is the appellation of Château Sociando-Mallet? To which commune is it nearest?

A

Haut-Médoc

Saint-Estèphe (just north)

104
Q

How many classified estates are found in Saint-Estèphe?

A

5

105
Q

What commune of the Haut-Médoc is the considered the most important site for Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux?

A

Pauillac

106
Q

Name the 1st Growth that lies at the northern border of Pauillac.

A

Château Lafite Rothschild

107
Q

Name the 1st Growth that lies at the southern border of Pauillac.

A

Château Latour

108
Q

What communal AOP lies directly south of Pauillac?

A

Saint-Julien

109
Q

Describe the classic style of Pauillac.

A

Deep, dark, brooding, firm

110
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon will typically consitute what percentage of the encépagement in Pauillac?

A

70-80%

111
Q

How many classified growths are found in Saint-Julien?

A

11

112
Q

How many communes are authorized to produce wines under Margaux AOP? Name them.

A 
5
Margaux
Cantenac
Soussans
Arsac
Labarde
113
Q

How many classified châteaux are found in Margaux?

A

21

114
Q

Which troisième cru of Margaux is typically considered an over-achiever worthy of higher status?

A

Château Palmer

115
Q

True/False: Margaux has a wider diversity in soil types than in other areas of the Haut-Médoc.

A

True.

Gravel is still dominant, though sand, limestone, and clay are also found

116
Q

Are the gravel soils of Margaux shallower or deeper compared to other Left Bank regions?

A

Shallower

117
Q

Describe the style of Margaux wines.

A

Aromatic, silky

118
Q

What 2 AOPs of the Haut-Médoc are located between Saint-Julien and Margaux?

A

Listrac-Médoc

Moulis

119
Q

Which appellation is further north: Moulis or Listrac-Médoc?

A

Listrac-Médoc

120
Q

What is the name of the croupe whose western edge is shared by both Saint-Julien and Moulis?

A

Grand Poujeaux

121
Q

What major region of Bordeaux lies south of the Haut-Médoc?

A

Graves

122
Q

Name the 2 regional AOPs of Graves.

A

Graves AOP

Graves Supérieur AOP

123
Q

Pessac-Léognan AOP covers the [northern/southern] sector of Graves.

A

Northern

124
Q

How many châteaux were originally included in the 1959 Classification of Graves?

A

15

125
Q

What changes have occurred to the 1959 Graves Classification?

A

Château Couhins split into two properties (Couhins-Lurton)

Laville-Haut-Brion and La Tour Haut-Brion no longer produce wines

126
Q

Laville Haut-Brion and La Tour Haut-Brion now supply grapes for what “second wine”?

A

La Mission Haut-Brion

127
Q

What is the most planted white grape in Bordeaux?

A

Sémillon

128
Q

What is the Place de Bordeaux?

A

A de facto 3-tier system for the wine trade in Bordeaux

129
Q

What are the 3 tiers of the Place de Bordeaux?

A

Production (châteaux)
Brokerage (courtier)
Sales (négociant)

130
Q

Who was responsible for spearheading the creation of the Pessac-Léognan AOP ?

A

André Lurton

131
Q

Sauternes and Barsac are located in the [north/south] part of the Graves region.

A

South

132
Q

What is the French term for noble rot?

A

Pourriture noble

133
Q

Name the communes that comprise the Sauternes appellation.

A 
Sauternes 
Barsac
Bommes
Fargues 
Preignac
134
Q

Botrytis heightens/concentrates what 3 components in grapes?

A

Sugar
Acid
Glycerol

135
Q

True/False: New oak is prevalent in Sauternes.

A

True!

136
Q

What harvest method is mandated by law in Sauternes?

A

Hand harvest via tries successives

137
Q

Among the communes authorized for the production of Sauternes, which is the largest?

A

Barsac

138
Q

Why are dry whites from Barsac and Sauternes not permitted to use Graves AOP? Which appellation may they use?

A

When the AOP boundaries were drawn, the communes of Sauternes were excluded from Graves. Dry whites are released as Bordeaux AOP

139
Q

Sweet wines from Cérons AOP may hail from what 3 communes?

A

Cérons
Podensac
Illats

140
Q

Dry whites and reds produced in the Cérons area are released under what AOP?

A

Graves

141
Q

How does elevation compare between the Left and Right Banks?

A

Elevation is slightly higher on the Right Bank, especially as one moves further inland
The Left Bank is relatively flat

142
Q

What are the prominent soil types found on the Right Bank?

A

Clay/calcareous clay

143
Q

What is the dominant grape planted on the Right Bank?

A

Merlot

144
Q

What is the “traditional” grape of the Right Bank?

A

Cabernet Franc

145
Q

What does Cabernet Franc add to blends from the Right Bank?

A

Structure

Acidity

146
Q

Describe the “garagiste” movement.

A

Small production, low-yielding, extracted, tons of new oak.

The antithesis of terroir.

147
Q

Name a Saint-Émilion producer closely associated with the garagiste movement.

A

Château Valandraud

148
Q

In what year was the town of Saint-Émilion and it’s surrounding vineyards designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

A

1999

149
Q

For whom is Château Ausone named?

A

The Roman poet Ausonius (born in Burdigala!)

150
Q

Is Merlot an early- or late-ripening grape?

A

Early ripening

151
Q

Château Figeac is known for having a higher percentage of what varietal in their blend?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

152
Q

Château Cheval Blanc is known for having a higher percentage of what varietal in their blend?

A

Cabernet Franc

153
Q

The “côtes” is Saint-Émilion are characterized by what soil type?

A

Limestone

Clay

154
Q

The “graves” of Saint-Émilion are characterized by what soil?

A

Gravel

155
Q

What is the Jurade de Saint-Émilion?

A

An organization dedicated to the promotion of wines from Saint-Émilion, Lussac St-Em, and Puisseguin St-Em.

156
Q

What celebration/festival is sponsored by the Jurade de Saint-Émilion?

A

Ban de Vendanges

157
Q

True/False: Wines labelled as Saint-Émilion Grand Cru AOP must be estate bottled.

A

True

158
Q

True/False: Saint-Émilion Grand Cru AOP has more restrictive geographical boundaries than Saint-Émilion AOP.

A

False

They have the same geographic boundaries

159
Q

What organization is currently responsible for the classification of Saint-Émilion?

A

INAO

160
Q

Which 2 châteaux were promoted to Grands Crus Classés A in the 2012 revision of St-Em Classification?

A

Angélus

Pavie

161
Q

What is the most important grape of Pomerol?

A

Merlot

162
Q

Name the rivers that surround Pomerol AOP.

A

Barbanne

Isle

163
Q

What is “crasse de fer”, and where is it found?

A

Iron-rich sand deposits

The middle terrace of Pomerol

164
Q

What is the “buttonière”? Name two estates associated with it.

A

An area of deep blue clay soils

Famously associated with Château Pétrus, also some @ Cheval Blanc

165
Q

Why did plantings of Cabernet Franc fall significantly in Pomerol?

A

The winter of 1956 killed the vines. Merlot was favored for being more reliable

166
Q

Who is the largest producer in Pomerol?

A

Château de Sales

167
Q

What producer can claim the largest plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon in Pomerol?

A

Château de Sales

168
Q

Which communes of Fronsac are noted for having the best hillside vineyard sites?

A

Saillans

La Rivière

169
Q

Name 2 top-tier properties of Canon-Fronsac.

A

Château Grand-Renouil

Château Gaby

170
Q

Name 3 top estates of Fronsac.

A

Château Dalem
Château de L Dauphine
Château Fontenil

171
Q

Who owns Château Fontenil?

A

Michel Rolland

172
Q

What is the largest property in Fronsac?

A

Château de La Rivière

173
Q

Describe the soils of Fronsac and Canon-Fronsac. What is the French term?

A

Soft limestone mixed with clay

“Fronsadais molasse”

174
Q

What geographic feature Saint-Émilion from its satellite appellations to the north?

A

The Barbanne River

175
Q

True/False: Producers in Saint-Georges-Saint-Émilion may label their wines as Montagne-Saint-Émilion.

A

True.

Saint-Georges was annexed by Montagne in 1973, though the separate AOPs remain.

176
Q

Which satellite appellation of Saint-Émilion is the smallest in both size and production?

A

Saint-Georges

177
Q

Name the northernmost satellite appellation of Saint-Émilion.

A

Puisseguin

178
Q

Bordeaux-based tonnellerie Sylvain owns what property in Lussac-Saint-Émilion?

A

Château La Rose Perrière

179
Q

What two communes comprise the Lalande-de-Pomerol AOP?

A

Lalande-de-Pomerol

Néac

180
Q

What is the dominant grape of Entre-Deux-Mers?

A

Merlot

181
Q

Red wines produced in Entre-Deux-Mers are released under what AOPs?

A

Bordeaux

Bordeaux Supérieur

182
Q

How many communes are authorized to use the “Haut-Benage” geographic designation?

A

9

183
Q

What is the dominant varietal released under the Premières Côtes de Bordeaux AOP?

A

Sémillon

184
Q

Name the 3 premier sweet-wine appellations that lie within the boundaries of the Premières Côtes de Bordeaux AOP.

A

Cadillac
Loupiac
Sainte-Croix-du-Mont

185
Q

True/False: Hand harvesting is required in Cadillac, Loupiac, and Ste-Croix-du-Mont

A

True

Tries successives

186
Q

Of the following appellations, which has the highest minimum residual sugar requirement, and how much is it?
Cadillac, Loupiac, Ste-Croix-du-Mont

A

Cadillac; min. 51 g/l

187
Q

In what year was the Côtes de Bordeaux AOP introduced?

A

2009

188
Q

What is the dominant varietal grown in Bourg AOP?

A

Merlot

189
Q

What region of Bordeaux holds the highest concentration of Malbec vines?

A

Bourg

190
Q

Who is the most lauded producer from Bourg AOP?

A

Château Roc de Cambes

Green 2019 (41 decks)

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