BOOK 37 Flashcards
What is a hazardous material?
Any substance or material capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety and property
What are some factors that will determine if a material may be considered hazardous?
- Quantity
- Concentration
- Physical or chemical characteristics
When does a hazardous material become a hazardous waste?
When it can no longer be used for the purpose it was originally intended for
The Department’s overall responsibility at hazardous materials incidents is described in three main areas:
1) Assessment of the incident
2) Notification of the proper agencies
3) Emergency measures to minimize the effect of the hazardous condition on people, the environment and property
The first responder who recognizes a hazardous material incident or incident involving weapons of mass destruction shall establish an _____________ surrounding the incident.
Initial isolation zone
What is the Incident Commander’s responsibility at a Hazardous Materials incident?
- Secure the scene
- Identify the material
- Quantity of material
- Threat of contamination, exposure and contaminated individuals
- Prevent the spread of contaminants
- Request appropriate Department resources and allied agencies to assist with the mitigation of the incident
What tasks may Hazardous Material Task Forces perform at a hazardous materials incident at the direction of the IC?
- Identification of the substance
- Hazard assessment
- Entry into the hazardous environment
- Containment of the hazard
- Decontamination procedures
What is the Fire Department’s main responsibility at a hazardous materials incident?
- Assessing the hazard
- Notifying the proper agency
- Providing necessary interim measures to minimize the impact of a hazardous condition on people and the environment
What does an LAFD assignment for a confirmed hazardous materials incident include?
- (1) BC
- (1) HazMat TF (includes Squad)
- (1) EMS Captain
- (1) Paramedic RA
- (1) Paramedic Engine
Once the first responder has arrived on scene, what should one of the initial considerations be?
To establish perimeters for the incident
The Initial Isolation Zone should be established using the recommendation of what?
The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
What will dictate the location of the Initial Isolation Zone?
Topography
What will dictate the size of the Initial Isolation Zone?
The physical and chemical properties of the material released
The first responder should use the initial isolation distance recommended in the ERG as the ________ for establishing the isolation area.
Minimum. Upon arrival, the Hazardous Materials Task Force may either expand or reduce the Initial Isolation Zone to establish the Exclusion Zone
What is the basic rule of an approach to a hazardous materials response incident?
Approach incident from upwind, uphill and upstream
What is the single most important action associated with effective decontamination?
Rapid removal of the contaminant from the victim using water streams
What is Emergency Decontamination (also referred to as Gross Decon)?
The initial decontamination intended to rapidly remove as much contamination as possible. This process can be initiated by directing victims to remove their clothing down to their undergarments, and showering the victims utilizing the most expeditious process available
What is Mass Decontamination?
Is the expansion of the Emergency Decontamination process to accommodate large numbers of contaminated people. Mass Decontamination is indicated when there are too many victims to be handled by a standard HazMat incident assignment
What is Secondary Decontamination?
Follows Emergency Decontamination, is a process that includes scrubbing with soap or other solution and thorough rinsing
What is Technical Decontamination?
Is the deliberate and precise cleansing using pools, special solutions, monitoring methods, and specially trained personnel. Technical Decontamination is intended for all emergency responders and is ideally performed in a separate area, away from the incident victims.
What is Respiratory Decontamination?
Involves moving the victim from the hazardous atmosphere, and may involve oxygen therapy
What is the best PPE for first responders engaged in Decontamination?
The Level B ensemble which is provided for every position on each fire suppression company and rescue ambulance
During decontamination, showering time will be incident-specific, but should be between ___ and ___ minutes per person
1 and 3 minutes per person
Under ideal conditions, decontamination operations will meet what 5 criteria?
1) First responders will be upwind of the release
2) Runoff will not flow through operational zones
3) Patients will have the least distance to travel
4) Emergency vehicles will have sufficient access
5) Adjacent space will be available for treatment areas
What are some ways in which first-arriving companies can initiate Mass Decontamination?
By using fog and spray streams with:
- Ladder pipes
- Portable monitors
- Wagon batteries
- Discharge gates
- Hand lines
During decontamination, approximately ___% or more of the contaminants will be removed by removing clothing
80%
What is contained in the Decon Bucket (For Civilian Decon)?
- (1) Plastic Bucket (5 gallons)
- (10) Trash bags, 40”x48”
- (10) Ziplock bags, 10”x12”x2 mil
- (2) Foxtail counter brushes
- (10) Disposable Post Decon Coveralls, XLG
- (1) Liquid dishwashing soap
- (10) HazMat Triage Tags
HazMat Triage Tags are constructed of 100% ____________ and are ______________.
100% synthetic paper and are completely waterproof
What is the objective of rescue at HazMat incidents?
To rapidly extract people from unsafe areas and deliver them for decontamination and treatment, while controlling the associated risks to firefighters
What are the 4 different types of extraction methods?
1) Self-Rescue
2) Bystander Rescue
3) Responder Rescue
4) Technical Rescue
What is the primary factor in determining whether the environment is appropriate for structural PPE and SCBA?
The viability of the victims.
When the hazardous material is unknown, when are exposure victims considered viable?
When they are able to control their movement (standing, sitting, or kneeling), or are able to respond verbally or physically
TRUE OR FALSE: The existence of unprotected viable victims is a strong indication that the toxicity of the environment is below that which would impact a firefighter protected by full structural PPE and an SCBA for short exposures
TRUE
A successful extraction will minimize the exposure for both the victims and the rescuers, by limiting exposure time and providing immediate decontamination. To accomplish this, what must be in place prior to entry?
Decontamination must be available prior to entry
What actions shall first responders take prior to initiating rapid extraction?
1) Establish that there are viable victims and a need for extraction operations
2) Establish decontamination. At minimum, a charged hose line in the designated location
3) Establish rapid intervention. A single engine company, following the 2-in 2-out rule, can fulfill the rapid intervention requirement
4) Announce the intent to initiate rapid extraction to IC or incoming companies
What are the (3) exit conditions firefighters could encounter which would require them to immediately leave the rescue site, make appropriate notifications and proceed to decontamination?
1) Any signs or symptoms of exposure for any members of an extraction team
2) Encountering an area with ONLY NON-VIABLE victims
3) The first SCBA audible alarm
What is the minimum protection for all HazMat incidents?
- Full structural PPE
- SCBA
- Personal dosimeter
What is the most significant route of exposure for HazMat?
Inhalation
If the material has not been identified, officers may use Guide ___ as an initial estimate of minimum distances for Initial Isolation
Guide 111
What are the two methods of protecting people during a HazMat incidents that are discussed in the ERG?
1) Evacuation
2) Sheltering in-place
When is Evacuation preferred over Sheltering in-place?
- Material is flammable
- When it may take a long time to clear the vapor from the area
- Buildings cannot be tightly secured against atmospheric incursion
When is Sheltering in-place preferred over Evacuation?
- Where the process of evacuation would expose people to a greater level of risk than leaving them indoors
- An evacuation cannot be performed
What is the objective for any HazMat emergency?
The containment and/or control of the release in a safe and expeditious manner, with the least number of injuries and minimum property damage
The DOT regulates the types of labels and placards that must be attached to hazardous materials transport containers and the vehicles that carry them. DOT placards are diamond-shaped signs (measuring _____ inches on each side) that are required to be affixed on each side and each end of vehicles carrying hazardous materials
10-3/4”
DOT labels are __-inch diamonds (or smaller, for cylinders) affixed to non-bulk packages of hazardous materials
4-inch
What are NFPA placards used for?
This placarding system is not used in transportation, but is mandated by Los Angeles City ordinance on fixed facilities
The BP-8 Computer Listing of Inventory is maintained on site for not less than ________.
3 years
What are High Hazard Facilities?
Formerly referred to as Target Hazard Occupancies, these are businesses within the City of Los Angeles that use quantities of specific materials listed by the state as commonly encountered high hazard chemicals. The materials of concern include: ammonia, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene oxide, hydrochloric acid & hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride, nitric acid, dimethyl sulfide, formaldehyde, chloroform, hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid, propylene oxide, phosgene, vinyl acetate, and phosphorus oxychloride.
What are some typical methods of containment for first responders?
- Dike
- Dam
- Divert
- Disperse
- Dilute
- Cover
- Foam
There are ____ types of dams used for containment.
Two types
1) Simple dam
2) Complex dam
There are ____ types of complex dams.
Two types
1) Overflow
2) Underflow
When is an Underflow dam used?
When a material is lighter than water and will float
When is an Overflow dam used?
When a material is heavier than water and will sink
The Draeger Emergency Escape Mask filter provides a minimum of ____ minutes protection time against chemical warfare agents.
15-minutes
Whenever the Department is notified of a Homeland Security Advisory System threat level of “HIGH” (ORANGE/LEVEL 4) or greater, and at such other times determined by the Department’s Administration, the PEK/Mini-Radiac shall be worn when ___________________.
Dispatched on all incidents
Whenever the Department is notified of a Homeland Security Advisory System threat level of “SEVERE” (RED/LEVEL 5) or greater, and at such other times determined by the Department’s Administration, the following policy shall be in effect. Mini-Radiacs shall be worn during what 4 circumstances?
1) On any incident
2) When out of quarters
3) When away from apparatus
4) When in an enclosed space/building
The HazMat Incident Command System divided the incident scene into three zones. What are they?
1) Exclusion Zone (Hot Zone)
2) Contamination Reduction Zone
3) Support Zone
What is the Exclusion Zone?
Area or space closest to the spill or release. The boundaries of this zone will be adjusted from the Initial Isolation Zone established by the first responder. Entry into this Zone may require special personal protective equipment such as fully encapsulated suits. All entry and egress are through Access Control Points
The line surround the Exclusion Zone is the “Hot Line.” Who establishes this line?
HazMat TF personnel with the approval of the IC
What is the Contamination Reduction Zone?
Area or space immediately outside the Exclusion Zone
The line surrounding the Contamination Reduction
Zone is the “Perimeter Control Line.” Who establishes this line?
The first responder
What are some of the operations that take place within the Contamination Reduction Zone?
- Contamination Reduction Corridors (CRC)
- Preparation Area for Entry Teams
- Technical Support Functions
- Access Control Points
- Decontamination Areas for civilians (gross, secondary)
What is the Support Zone?
Area outside the Contamination Reduction Zone. A line may be established outside this Zone for control of civilian traffic using fire line tape. All functions not part of the Hazardous Materials Group are located in this Zone
Ideally, a minimum distance of ____ should be used for the depth of the Contamination Reduction Zone
100’. This distance will allow the Hazardous Materials Task Force enough room to conduct their operations
What is the initial consideration of first-arriving HazMat TF personnel?
The location of the Perimeter Control Line and the Hot line
What is the minimum equipment carried by the Entry Team?
- Radiological meters
- Multi-gas/atmosphere monitoring meter
- pH paper
What are the three different sizes of Chlorine patch kits?
- “A” kit for 150 lb cylinders
- “B” kit for 1 ton cylinders
- “C” kit for railroad cars
What are the 5 Threat Conditions of the Homeland Security Advisory System?
- Severe: Red
- High: Orange
- Elevated: Yellow
- Guarded: Blue
- Low: Green
TRUE OR FALSE: Threat Conditions may be assigned for the entire nation, or they may be set for a particular geographic area or industrial sector
TRUE
What will the assignment of a Threat Condition prompt?
It will prompt the implementation of an appropriate set of Protective Actions. Protective Actions are the specific steps taken to reduce vulnerability or increase the ability to respond during a period of heightened alert.
What does CBRNE stand for?
- Chemical
- Biological
- Radiological
- Nuclear
- Explosive
What does SLUDGEM stand for?
- Salivation
- Lacrimation
- Urination
- Defecation
- Gastrointestinal
- Emesis
- Muscle twitching
Biological agents are generally split into how many categories?
- Bacteria and rickettsia
- Viruses
- Toxins
______ are the weapon of choice for terrorist.
Bombs
Once on scene, what should you do to keep a close watch on wind condition?
Place a short length of fire line tape or other suitable material on the apparatus antennae
What are the basic rules of a hazardous materials response?
Dictate an approach to an incidents from upwind, uphill, upstream
What is decontamination intended to do?
Decontamination is intended to limit the effect of hazardous materials on victims of exposure and prevent the spread of contaminants beyond the contaminated area
Prior to initiating decontamination, what should first responders do?
First responders should triage patients by attempting to separate symptomatic from asymptomatic patients. This assessment will serve to identify those people who need immediate decontamination
Under ideal conditions, what 5 conditions will decontamination operations meet?
1) First responders will be upwind of the release
2) Runoff will not flow thought operational zones
3) Patients will have the least distance to travel
4) Emergency vehicles will have sufficient access
5) Adjacent space will be available for treatment areas
Give each civilian entering ________________ a HazMat Triage Tag.
Secondary decon
What is the objective of rescue at HazMat incidents?
The objective of rescue at HazMat incidents is to rapidly extract people from unsafe areas and deliver them for decontamination and treatment, while controlling the associated risks to firefighters
What is the term used to describe actions directed at retrieving civilian exposure victims?
Rapid extraction
One of the disadvantages of the ERG, is that the evacuation table is only good for the first _____.
30 minutes
DOT Placard: Orange
Explosive