Bones and Joints Flashcards
What does the skeleton compose of?
Bone and cartilage
Name some functions of bones.
support, protection, calcium metabolism, red blood cell production and skeletal muscle attachment.
What is endochrondal ossification?
When hyaline cartilage grows and turns to bone.
What is the structure of bone?
There is the outer cortex which is made of strong, dense compact bone. Then the inner medulla which is spongey bone. Then the central medulla cavity which may contain bone marrow.
What is the periosteum?
an outer layer surrounding bones. There are sensory nerves within it
What are the stages in fracture healing?
- initial healing when callus of new bone surrounds fracture line.
- callus remodelling (re assuming normal shape)
- healed
What is a bony feature? Give examples.
they are functional bone pieces which develop during bone growth. They have the best shape for their job.
e.g. greater tubercle of humerus, styloid process of radius, tibial tuberosity, femoral condyle, lesser trochanter.
What are the bones of the axial skeleton?
bones of the skull,neck and trunk.
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?
pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic gridle, lower limbs.
What is the cranial vault?
the space in the skull within the neurocranium occupied by the brain
Name the 5 regions of the spine and how many vertebrae are in each?
Cervical (7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5),sacral(5 to form 1) and coccygeal (4 to form 1)
What is the function of the vertebral foramen?
to form the vertebral canal to protect the spinal cord
What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?
to protect the spinal nerves connecting with the spinal cord
What is the other name of Cervical Vertebrae 1? What is special about it?
ATLAS.
it has no body or spinous processes. still has anterior and posterior arches.
What is the other name for Cervical Vertebrae 2? What is special about it?
AXIS.
It has C1’s body
Forms a pivot joint
Odontoid process.
What feature is shared by all cervical vertebrae?
Transverse foraminae
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
2 scapula and 2 clavicals
What is a joint?
an articulation between adjacent parts of the skeleton which allow us to move
What joint connects the skull to the vertebrae?
craniovertebral joints
What joins ribs to cartilage?
costochondral joints
What joins cartilage to sternum?
sternocostal joints
Name 2 types of Firbrous joints and give an example of each.
1.sutures-coronal suture
2. fibrous sheets- interosseous membrane between radius and ulna.
These are highly stable joints.
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? Give examples.
- primary -epiphyseal growth plate
2. secondary- intervertebral discs
Name 5 types of synovial joints.
- ball and socket
- pivot
- plane
- hinge.
- biaxial
Give an example of a pivot joint
the C1-C2 joint (allantoaxial joint) which allows rotation of the neck
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
shoulder
hip
these allow all kinds of movement
give and example of a plane joint
acromioclavicular joint
there is minimal movement in 1 plane
give an example of a hinge joint
elbow
knee
allow reasonable movement in 1 plane
give an example of a biaxial joint
in hands and feet
reasonable movement in 1 plane and less in another
Name some typical features of a synovial joint
2 or more bones cartilage ligament tendons joint cavity capsule bursae
Where is synovial fluid kept and what is its function?
it is in the joint cavity
it lubricates the joint and provides the hyaline cartilage with nutrients
what is the function of cartilage in a joint
to reduce friction
What is hypermobility?
when the joints are more flexible than normal
in terms of joints, what does slipped mean?
ligament injury or slipped disc where bones are still in normal anatomical relationship to each other
in terms of joints, what does subluxation mean?
reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
in terms of joints , what does dislocation mean?
complete loss of contact
Where is the temporomandibular joint? Describe it.
it is the articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly.
