Bone, Tissues, and Joints

Question 1

What are tissues?

Answer 1

• a group of cells that have a similar structure
• they function together as a unit

Question 2

What is an intercellular matrix?

Answer 2

• non-living materal that fills the spaces between the cells
• differentiates types of tissues
• may be abundant in some tissues and minimal in others

Question 3

Where do Vocal Tract tissues reside?

Answer 3

• pleural cavity- houses the lungs
• peritoneal cavity- houses abdomenal contents
• head
• neck

Question 4

What types of tissues does the VT consist of?

Answer 4

• Connective
• Epithelial
• Muscular

Question 5

What are connective tissues?

Answer 5

• STRUCTURAL AND SUPPORTIVE
• connect or bind structures together
• support the body
• aid in bodily maintenance

Question 6

In relation to epithelium tissue, connective tissues….

Answer 6

1. have fewer cells
2. have a larger proportion of intercellular substance

Question 7

Cartilage and Bone

Answer 7

• specialized connective tissue
• solid or rigid intercellular substances

Question 8

Cartilage

Answer 8

• composed of cells and solid intercellular matrix
• hyaline and elastic types

Question 9

Bone

Answer 9

• Dense/compact and spongy/cancellous types
• same inert substances in different amounts
• the percent of non living fibers is greater than in any living cells

Question 10

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 10

• appears bluish white
• with age, turns to bone (ossifies)
• high % of collagen
• fairly rigid structure
• poor blood supply (poort nutrition, hence ossification)
• found in tracheal rings, nose, larynx
• lines articulating surfaces of moveable joints
• LESS ABILITY TO STRETCH

Question 11

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 11

• STRETCHY
• yellow and opague
• high % of elastic fibers
• found in ear, epiglottis, auditory canal, small cartilages of larynx (all found to have something to do with the production if reception of sounds)
• ossification rarely occurs cause we need this cartlidge to work properly

Question 12

What are the two types of bone? (Osseus tissue)

Answer 12

1. Dense or compact bone
2. Spongy or cancellous bone

Question 13

Dense and Compact bone

Answer 13

• appear white, homogenous, without structure
• solid bone surface
• forms outer shell of bones

Question 14

Spongy or Cancellous Bone

Answer 14

• appears pourus
• open spaces
• consists of a trabeculae that intersect to form a lattice-like structure, meshwork, or supporting beams

Question 15

Haversian Canal

Answer 15

• canal system that allows passage of nerves and passage of blood vessels
• nourishes the bone!

Question 16

Axial Skeleton System

Answer 16

• Skull
• Sternum
• Rib Cage
• Vertebre
• Hyoid Bone

Question 17

Appendicular Skeleton System

Answer 17

• Arm
• Hand
• Leg
• Foot
• Shoulder Gertil
• Pelvic Gertil

Question 18

Periosteum

Answer 18

fibrous membrane contains blood supply for bone tissue

Question 19

Dense Connective Tissues

Answer 19

• abundance of closely packed fibers of different density and degrees of stretch
• tendons, ligament, fascia

Question 20

Tendon

Answer 20

• connects muscle and bone
• tough, non-elastic tissues
• bind muscle to bone OR muscle to cartilage
• ALWAYS associated with muscles

Question 21

Aponeuroses

Answer 21

• flat and wide tendon
• abdomen
• when mm’s attach by very broad tendonous sheets

Question 22

Ligaments

Answer 22

• bind bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage
• very elastic due to abundance of elastic fibers

Question 23

Fascia

Answer 23

• dense fibrous connective tissue that is not otherwise identified as a tendon or ligament
• varies in thickness
• usually found in broad sheets surrounding muscle tissue
• not associated with VT muscle groups because they need to move fast and extra weight/tissue is counterproductive

Question 24

Epithelial Tissues

Answer 24

• boundary between internal and external environment
• forms sheets that cover external body, tubes, blood vessels, passages, and cavities
• cells are close to each other
• minimal intercellular substance

Question 25

What are the 3 groups of Epithelial tissues and what are they based on?

Answer 25

LOCATION!

1. Epithelial Tissue Proper
2. Endothelial
3. Mesothelial

Question 26

Epithelial Tissue Proper

Answer 26

• skin and mucous membranes
• nostrals, lips

Question 27

Endothelial

Answer 27

• lines blood vessels

Question 28

Mesothelial

Answer 28

• lines primary cavities
• 2 pleural
• 1 pericardial
• 1 peritoneal

Question 29

Muscle Types (3)

Answer 29

1. Striated
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

Question 30

Striated

Answer 30

• voluntary, strong force potential, cylindrical with blunt ends
• skeletal muscles
• supplied by somatic division of the Peripheral Nervous System, which controls voluntary systems in the body

Question 31

Smooth

Answer 31

• involuntary, lines organs and blood vessels, contracts slowly
• fusiform shape
• controls internal organs (heart, lungs)
• innervated by autonomic nervous system

Question 32

Cardiac

Answer 32

• heart muscle
• combo of smooth and striated
• involuntary, but striated

Question 33

Joints

Answer 33

connections between the bones of the skeleton

Question 34

3 major joint categories

Answer 34

1. Synarthrodial
2. Amphiarthrodial
3. Diarthrodial

Question 35

Synarthrodial

Answer 35

• fibrous, immovable bones almost in direct contact (skull)
• joined by a thin layer of connective tissue

Question 36

Amphiarthrodial

Answer 36

• cartilaginous, yeilding
• limited motion
• vertebral column, ribs, bone edges are joined by cartilage

Question 37

Diarthrodial

Answer 37

• most common, moveable
• fluid filled
• allows much freedom of motion
• most abundant
• shoulder, knee, elbow